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CHAPTER 11
WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
Let’s think about SingaporeLet’s think about Singapore
Weather Is All Around Us
Meteorologists are people who study the atmosphere
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time
Climate refers to the weather pattern of a place over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more
The basic elements of weather and climate: Temperature Rainfall Wind
Temperature Temperature refers to the degree of hotness or
coldness of the air It varies throughout the day in a place The temperature rises and falls as the Earth rotates
from west to east (seasons) Places nearer the Equator are warmer throughout
the year than places farther away
Temperature
The temperature rises during the day and falls at night
It also varies from place to place
Temperature gets cooler as we go to higher grounds
AltitudeAltitude
Refers to the height of the landRefers to the height of the land Warm air rises – this air cools as it rises and Warm air rises – this air cools as it rises and
thus temperature decreases as we increase thus temperature decreases as we increase with heightwith height
Thus, temperature decreases with Thus, temperature decreases with increasing heightincreasing height
LatitudeLatitude Places near the earth’s Equator (e.g.: Singapore, Places near the earth’s Equator (e.g.: Singapore,
Malaysia) receive a higher concentration of Sun’s Malaysia) receive a higher concentration of Sun’s rays and thus more sunshinerays and thus more sunshine
Places further away from the Equator (North Places further away from the Equator (North pole, South pole) receive a lower concentration of pole, South pole) receive a lower concentration of sunshine as the sun’s rays are spread over a sunshine as the sun’s rays are spread over a larger area. larger area.
Thus that is why places further away from the Thus that is why places further away from the equator are cooler.equator are cooler.
Measuring Temperature Air temperature is measured with
a thermometer The scale is in degree Celsius (ºC) Daily maximum temperature
refers to the highest temperature reading for the day
Daily minimum temperature refers to the lowest temperature reading for the day
Glass tube
Mercury or alcohol
Calculating Temperatures
• The mean daily temperature is the average temperature of a place on any one day
FormulaMean daily
temperature =
Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature + temperature
2
Calculating Temperatures
• The daily temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in a day
FormulaDaily temperature range
=
Daily maximum Daily minimum temperature - temperature
Calculating Temperatures
• The mean monthly temperature is the average temperature of a place in a month
FormulaMean monthly
temperature =
Sum of mean daily temperatures for the month
Number of days in the month
Calculating Temperatures
• The mean annual temperature is the average temperature in a place within a year
Formula
Mean annual temperature =
Sum of mean monthly temperatures in the year
12
Calculating Temperatures
• The annual temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum mean monthly temperatures recorded in a year
FormulaAnnual temperature range
=
Maximum Minimum mean monthly - mean monthly temperature temperature
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