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PINE TREESDON’T WALK
Alex CUNNINGHAM alexcunn@gmail.com
areldorado.com.ar
2015 PCA International Conference September 2015 - Kyoto, JAPAN
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Pine trees have develop a strategy to defendfrom their natural environmental enemies..
Pinus massoniana - Guangxi, CHINA
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
The bark beetle is one of those enemies(fungus farming beetle).
http://www.barkbeetles.info/photos_target_species.php?lookUp=491&image=2103_dendroctonus_valens_lat_valley_5478381&curPage=0
Photosynthesis
H2O + nutrients
Evapotranspiration
CO2 O2
SunLight
Sugars
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Biosynthesis
PrimaryMetabolites
SecondaryMetabolites
Fornutrition,growth
andreproduction.
To influence theecologica
interactionbetween plant and
environment.
Sugars
Cost / BenefitRelation
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Secondary Metabolites
TERPENES (25.000 diferente compounds)Pinenes, abietic acid, taxol, limonene, carotenois,
essential oils, rubber, etc.
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (12.000 compounds)Cafeine, nicotine, etc.
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (8.000 compounds)Tanins, flavonoids, ligning, salicilic acid, vainilline, etc.
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
MONOTERPENES
SESQUITERPENES
DITERPENES
TERPENES derive from the union of two or more ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE
(IPP) molecules or its isomer DIMETHYL ALLIL DIPHOSPHATE
geranyldiphosphate
geranyl geranyldiphosphate
farnesyldiphosphate
Primary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
C02 + Photosynthesis
Eritrose-4-fosfate Fosfoenolpiruvate Piruvate 3-PGA
CA Route MA Route MVA Route MEP Route
Tricarbolxylic Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA
Aliphatic Aminoacids
Aromatic Aminoacids
NitrogenCompounds Phenolic
Compounds Terpenes
Source: Taiz, L. et al.; Vegetal Physiology (2004) :312
1 2
BiosyntheticRoutes
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
IPP DMAPP
IPP DMAPP
FPP
GPP
GGPP
Sesquiterpenes (C15)
Monoterpenes (C10)
Diterpenes (C20)
Triterpenes (C30)
Tetraterpenes(C40)
CELULARCITOPLASM
PLASTIDS?
2.5.1.21
5.3.3.2
5.3.3.2
2.5.1.292.5.1.102.5.1.1
2.5.1.29 2.5.1.102.5.1.1
2.5.1.29
1
2
PRIMARY METAB.
PRIMARY METAB. SECONDARY METAB.
SECONDARY METAB.
SECONDARY METAB.
Where are TERPENES produced within the PLANT CELL?
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
LongitudinalResin Duct
Resin Duct
Epithelial Cell
Which are the plant cellsthat produce OLEORESIN?
The ones that cover internally the RESIN DUCTS
Eloise Gerry (1885 – 1970)
Researcher from the USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WC - USA, earn in 1921 her Doctorate with a dissertation about “Oleoresin Production: A Microscopic Study of the Effects Produced on Woody Tissues of Southern Pines by Different Methods of Turpentining” USDA Bulletin 1064.
PINE OLEORESIN is not SAP!
This generates CHEMICAL SIGNALSthat jump starts GENETIC EXPRESSION
for the production of ENZYMESthat biosynthesize TERPENES (OLEORESIN)
that are stored in RESIN DUCTS.
This pathway is know as OLEORESINOSIS.
The answers to those CHEMICAL SIGNALS are multiple,and also jump starts the biosynthesis of tanins
and lignification of the affected area.
What happens when a beetle (+fungus)attack the stem of a pine tree?
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Beetle+
fungus
Genetic expression,enzymes,oleoresin biosynthesis.
Oleoresinstorage inresin ducts.
What happens when a beetle (+fungus)attack the stem of a pine tree?
Signal(wound /chemical)
DNA
3) TRANSPORT TO CITOPLASM
2) PROCESSING
1) TRANSCRIPTION
4) TRANSLATION
mRNA
ENZIME
CELLNUCLEUS
CELLCITOPLASM
GeneticExpression
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
OleoresinosisCost / Benefit Strategy
BEFORE THE ATTACK
CONSTITUTIVE DEFENSE = FIX COST• BIOSYNTHESIS OF OLEORESIN• STORAGE IN RESIN DUCTS
AFTER THE ATTACK
INDUCED DEFENSE = VARIABLE COST• denovo BIOSYNTHESIS OF OLEORESIN • TRAUMATIC RESIN DUCTS FORMATION
SYSTEMIC DEFENCE = REALOCATION OF THE FIX COST
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
• OLEORESINOSIS in conifers could have evolved as a strategy to defend from the beetle / fungi attack.
• PINE OLEORESIN is a mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and neutral compounds.
• OLEORESIN in the stem of the pine tree is produced permanently by the epitelial cells that cover the internal walls of the resin ducts in the xylem.
• OLEORESIN is store under positive preassure.
• Some Pine species presente an induced responce in the floema (place of the invasion) to a patogenic attack.
Tesis: Faldt, Jenny (2000)Volatil constituents in conifers and conifer-related wood decaying fungi.
Oleoresinosis
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
How does this view from the stand point of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY or PLANT ECOLOGYrelates with what we do when we TAP aPINE TREE to produce PINE OLEORESIN?
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
Bark beetle
Associated fungus
STREAK TO REMOVE BARK(WOUND)
CHEMICAL STIMULATION(PASTE w/CEPA, SA, MeJa...)
PINE TAPPER PLANT ECOLOGIST
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
PARALELISM !
Alex CUNNINGHAMalexcunn@gmail.com
September 2015
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