4. antibiotik

ANTIBIOTIK

Antibiotics AgentsMicroorganisme, Infection, PathogenicMode of transmission :

● airborne-droplets ● direct contact ● direct, indirect, intermediary animal contact ● vectors ● contaminated food ● contaminated water ● soil borne spore-forming organisms ● contaminated blood ● transplacentally or via maternal membrane ● human carrier

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Antibiotics Are used to treat infectious diseases in plants, animal, and man, may be natural or synthetic

substance that inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms, especially bacteria.

Bacteriagram-positive, gram-negative or acid-fast

Gram’s method of stainingGentian violet

Gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, chlamydia, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, meningitis, strepthroat, and

salmonellosis

Classification of AntibioticsBroad spectrum / Narrow spectrum /

Extended spectrumPseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Proteus

Adverse reactions.

Hypersensitivity – allergic response [urticaria, skin eruptions/rash, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea]

– Anaphylactic shock [facial or laryngeal edema, dyspnea, cyanosis, circulatory collapse & convulsion]

Organ Toxicity – liver dysfuntions and renal dysfunctions.

Superinfection – resistant strain of bacteria, fungi or yeast.

Antibiotic Groupings1. Penicillins

amoxillin, ampicillin, penicilin G2. Cephalosporins Penicillinase – Resistant Penicillin

cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin 3 generation : a. Bacteriostatic against gram positive, negative and susceptible to being inactivated by beta lactamase enzymes produced.

cefadroxil (Duricef, Ultracef), cefazolin (Ancef, Zolicef), cephalexin (Cefanex, Keflex, Keftab)

b. Broader spectrum against gram positive. Haemophilus influenzae is especially sensitive.

cefaclor (Ceclor), cefrozil (Cefzil), cefuroxime (Ceftin, Kefurox, Zinacef

c. Broader spectrum against gram negatives ; E. Coli, Klebsiella species,

Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, strptococcus, staphylococcus,

Neisseria gonorhoeae, Haemophilus cefepime (Maxipime), cefixime (Suprax),

ceftazidime (Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazicef)

3. Tetracyclinesdemeclocycline hdrochloride, doxycycline

hyclate, tetracycline hydrochloride4. Aminoglycosides

gentamicin sulfate, kanamycin, streptomicin sulfate, amikacin sulfate5. Macrolides

erythromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax) clarithromycin

6. Quinolonesciprofloxacine, levofloxacine, norfloxacine

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Additional Antibiotics.

Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Metronidazole HCL, polymyxin B - neomycin, Vancomycin HCL