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THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
Dynamic
Interlinkages between
Social and
Ecosystem Changes:
Towards a Europe
Africa Partnership
European Science
Foundation & ICSU
8-12 November 2010
Beyaerd, Hulshort,
The Netherlands
A sustainable cocktail –
Cola and Palm wine?
Verina IngramCentre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Central Africa
v.ingram@cgiar.org
THINKING beyond the canopy
Background Congo Basin Forest
• Globally 2nd largest intact humid forest, rich & unique biodiversity
• ≈ >40% people in region below $2 day
• ≈ 70% poor people in Congo Basin live in/near forests
• Low development indicators, high on corruption index, high levels
forest degradation & deforestation
• Forests an economic resource: commercial logging = export
revenues 49 million US$ (1-6% of GDP), estimated contribution of
NTFPs to 20-95% forest communities livelihoods
THINKING beyond the canopy
A Congo cocktail..........• Take Cola (Cola acuminata, nitida & anomala, Garcinia
kola) caffeine rich nuts (a century’s old stimulant) on its
own or in Coca-Cola
• Add the strong cultural associations when given &
consumed with palm wine made from indigenous raffia
(Raphia spp.), a traditional alcoholic beverage
• Mix with palm wine and forest honey for ‘ntop mimbo‘, a
sweeter, stronger cocktail
• For an aphrodisiac, mix with mondia (Mondia whiteii)
root
• Stir in ground pygeum (Prunus africana) bark to treat
multiple aliments including prostate hyperplasia
• Eat with eru: a popular, nutritious leaves of the ancient
Gnetum spp. vine, also a traditional medicine and used
to make wine
• Take bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis) bark and eru
leaves if feeling sick or have a hangover afterwards!
THINKING beyond the canopy
Honey
Apiculture
products
Eru
Gnetum spp.
Safou
Dacryodes
edulisBush mango
Irvingia spp.
Cola acuminata
Raphia spp.
THINKING beyond the canopy
Issues
Photo: K Stewart
• Despite their economic and cultural importance, recent,
reliable trade & income figures almost non-existent
• Resource stocks largely un-quantified and cultivated
stocks (almost) completely unknown – Can’t manage
what don’t measure?
• Despite this lack of data, some species are highly
regulated (often unenforced or un-monitored, and
corruption), others chains in a formal void.. Others
customarily governed
• Conflicting interests; conservation lobby vs. immediate
and long term livelihood needs
• Fears that NTFPs may become extinct as shifts from
subsistence to international trade lead to over-
exploitation of wild stocks without domestication
• Market arrangements, especially international trade,
appear counterproductive to sustainable trade - actors
and issues in chain unknown to each other
THINKING beyond the canopy
Aims & Research Questions
Gnetum africana
AimExplore interrelationships and impacts of the variety of governance arrangements onsustainable livelihoods of those engaged in forest product market chains originating from theCongo Basin.
Questions1. What do NTFPs contribute to the livelihoods (economic, socio-cultural & environmental) of
actors involved in the value chains? Especially the poorest and the forest based?2. What types of governance arrangements are found in NTFP market chains? and how and
why do they shape and affect NTFP chains and subsequent livelihoods?
THINKING beyond the canopy
Key concepts
Governance
Game Theory
Value chains
DETAILLANTS
Marche local BAS CONGO KINSHASA
PRODUCTEURS
GROSSiSTES DETAILLANTS
CONMMATEUR
DETAILLANTSAMBULANTS
MARCHE AUTOCONSOMMATION DONS
GROSSISTES
Sustainable livelihoods
THINKING beyond the canopy
Governance is the whole of public & private interactions initiated to solve
societal problems & create opportunities. Includes the formulation & application
of principles guiding interactions & caring for the enabling institutions (Bavinck
et al, 2005) ....the system of values, policies & institutions by which a society
manages its economic, political and social affairs through interactions within
and among the state, civil society & private sector..’’(UNDP, 2004).
Value chains to understand activities to bring a product from conception, to
production & delivery to final consumers and ultimately disposal (Kaplinsky &
Morris 1999). VC Analysis a conceptual framework for mapping and
categorizing economic processes, understand how and where enterprises
positioned in processes, identify opportunities and possible leverage points for
upgrading…encompasses organization, coordination, equity, power
relationships, linkages and governance between organizations and actors.
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including material & social
resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is
sustainable when it can cope with & recover from stresses and shocks &
maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, both now and in the
future, while not undermining the natural resource base (Chambers &
Conway, 1992).
THINKING beyond the canopy
Dacrodyes edulis
Safou
Cameroon
Democratic Republic Congo
Dacryodes edulis
Europe, USA
Equateur
Bas CongoKinshasa
Cola spp.
Rhapia spp.
Stu
dy s
ites
THINKING beyond the canopy
Meth
odolo
gy
Selection•Actor sample and Production zone selection – Stakeholder interviews (2007)
Field work
• Inventory - transects 3 zones (2007-2008)
•Bark regeneration post-harvest study – 4 zones (2009)
VCA
2007-2009
• Structured Interviews (25% sample of actors in chains ) = 3424 actors & 632 consumers
• 40 focus group interviews &7 problem analysis workshops in 4 cities .
• 5 market surveys (2007-2008)
PAR
•Participatory action research: SWOTs, stakeholder analysis, Prunus africana: 6 working sessions stakeholder groups & 1 all stakeholder workshop, participatorily developed Prunus africana management plan. Honey: EU Export HMRP, Geographic Origin Indication , National Union, National honey profiling
•Capacity building events; group organisation, business skills. Harvest, production & processing (honey & Prunus )training, legal framework
Analysis
•Data analysis SPSS and Excel, TIAMA, interpretation satellite images, SWOT, GIS mapping
•Preliminary findings verified in meetings /workshops & peer cross-checked
Outputs
•Value chain maps: Visualisations
•Reports: Problem analysis workshop report, Inventory in NW & SW Cameroon, Guidelines for a National Management Plan for Prunus africana in Cameroon, Assessment sustainable harvest methods, Baseline study of Prunus africana chain, Domestication Guide (ICRAF), Harvest and inventory norms GTZ + CIFOR)
•Actors’ grouping: Prunus Platform, Scientific Group supporting CITES Authority,
•Policy brief: NTFPs in Cameroon & Product sheet: Prunus africana in Cameroon
Review• Literature review; NTFPs in Cameroon and VCs
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Understand demand & supply, volumes & values • Map and analyse actors interactions, power relations, governance
arrangements and pressures• Comprehend institutional and customary and legal framework and
influence and implementation in practice• Understand livelihood and cultural aspects• By participating in developing the VC, actors validate , own and
understand chain & issues
Why use a participatory market chain approach?
THINKING beyond the canopy
Key findings• Positive impacts on forest based, rural & urban livelihoods
• Large and growing demand for NTFPs in rural, and
especially, urban areas
• NTFPs play a role in food security, health and providing cash
income to meet basic needs
• Level of organisation and efficiency of markets a function of
local culture, product & location
• Lack of knowledge among actors about their chain
• Market information influences vertical integration
• Market Information System and actor Platforms show initial
positive results improving integration and margins
• Wide variances in sustainability of livelihoods and chains
• Stakeholders shown openness to participate in formulating
policy options
• Sustainable harvest techniques & domestication technologies
offer potential to increase profits – but needs wide scale
disseminating and enforcement
Gnetum spp.
Dacryodes
edulis
.
Garcinia kola
.
Irvingia spp.
THINKING beyond the canopyBeeswax
VALUES
Subsistence&
income
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Gnetum DRC
Safou DRC
Gnetum SW CM
Apiculture CM
Apiculture DRC
Prunus CM
Irvingia SW CM
Irvingia East CM
Irvingia CSL CM
TOTAL
% contribution to household income
NT
FP a
nd
Co
un
try
% contribution to producers household total income from NTFPs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% Sold
% Consumed
% given as gifts
% barterd
% Perished
% of total production
How 5 NTFPs in Cameroon & DRC are used by harvesters
THINKING beyond the canopy
-
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
Gnetum DRC
Safou DRC Gnetum SW, C CAM
Honey CM Honey DRC Prunus CM Irvingia SW, C,S, L, E
CM
TOTAL
$ annual market chain sales 2007/2008LivelihoodsEmployment & Production
48 million US$
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
Gnetum DRC
Safou DRC Gnetum SW, C CAM
Apiculture CM
Apiculture DRC
Prunus CM Irvingia SW, C,S, L, E
CM
TOTAL
Nu
mb
er o
f p
eop
le d
ire
ctly
invo
lved
Chain and Country
Numbers of direct actors in 5 regional NTFP market chains DRC & Cameroon
THINKING beyond the canopy
the tip of the canopy...?
*Direct & indirect employment
*80% exports from 10 species in Cameroon and 85% in DRC
65%
Forest products market value US$
Sources : CIFOR 2008, 2009 , de Wasseige et al, 2009, Lescuyer et al 2009
283,822
70,376
163,000
15,000
45,000
22,500
Cameroon DRC
33%
58%
870,000,000
690,000,000
54,824,876
213,388,071
58,000,000 29,000,000
-
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
Cameroon DRC
Domestic Timber value 2008
Major traded NTFPs
Timber Exports value (2003 DRC, 2004 Cam)
Forest sector employment* (10* export timber species, 4 domestic timber
species and 15 NTFPs)
9%
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Unregulated access to Raphia leads to decreases in quantity and quantity
• Cola is planted upon the birth of the 1st son and trees are often ‘owned’
• Over 52 % of Prunus africana trees inventoried in wild forests are harvested, of which 60% unsustainably – compared to 40% planted Prunus of which 38% unsustainably
• 97% of eru harvesters indicate increasing scarcity & 45% is harvested using unsustainable techniques
• Beekeepers now planting hive material sources and avoiding using Kofia(Lophira lanceolota) as fuel wood to melt wax
• Intermediaries and new markets increase honey buying price for honey up to 50% plus diversify to wax, propolis and by-products
• Irvingia increasingly domesticated and access controlled (100% SW, 32% East) as value increases and land use changes (65% in SW, 5% East) –frequently conserved in fallows
Illustrations of impacts of governance arrangements
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Congo Basin NTFP trade under appreciated & insufficiently captured in economic,
employment, food security and health statistics
• Governance arrangements major impact on income equity & distribution, market
access & control and profit margins
• Power, relationships (lobby and government contacts) & tenure critical
• Overlapping & conflicting traditional, regulatory and devolved authorities cloud
governance
• Policy & regulatory extremes & inappropriate legal framework ripe for rationalisation
• Processing & storage important to add value locally (vertical integration)
• Domestication a good indicator of sustainability - trees act as savings account
• Cultivation appears decisive for long term chain continuation
• Employment & profitability increase when sector professionalised - but access to
most profitable parts of chain may be limited
• Importance of business, capital, legal, infrastructure & technical support
• For long lived species, need to wait for long term results when governance
arrangements change
• Awareness and enforcement of new policy regimes (honey, Prunus africana) will
be critical
Conclusions
THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
is one of the 15 centres supported by the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Cheers!
www.cifor.cgiar.orgv.ingram@cgiar.org
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