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Lesson 1
Ethernet
YuanApplication Engineer / iConnectivity Group (ICG)
2014.10.28
1
Outline
• Ethernet Technology– History and Standards
– Topology
– Hardware Specifications
– Access Method
– Types of Ethernet
• OSI module and TCP/IP protocol suite
• Connecting Device
• Hands On
2
Ethernet Technology
3
History and Standard
• Computer networking technology for Local
Area Networks(LANs)
• Xerox PARC Developed in 1973
• Commercially introduced in 1980
• Standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3
• Ethernet was clearly the dominant network
technology by the end of the 1980s.
4
Topology
5
Hardware Specifications(1/2)
• Signal: Baseband
• Media
– Coaxial Cable
– Twisted Pair
– Optical Fiber
6
Hardware Specifications(2/2)
• Connector
– Coaxial Cable: DB15, BNC etc.
– Twisted Pair: RJ-45 (not RJ-11)
– Optical Fiber: ST, SC, LC etc.
DB15 BNC
RJ-45 RJ-11
ST SC LC7
Access Method(1/2)
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access, CSMA
8
Access Method(2/2)
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection, CSMA/CD
9
Tp
~2Tp
Types of Ethernet(1/2)
100 Base-TX
X Y Z
X:bandwidth
Y: signal
Z: media type
transmission distance
Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet 10-Gigabit Ethernet
IEEEstandard
802.3 802.3u 802.3z 802.3ae
Bandwidth 10Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps 10Gbps
Access method
CSMA/CDCSMA/CD in Half DuplexCentral Switch in Duplex
Central Switch in Duplex
Topology Bus , Star Star Star Star
TransmissionMedia
Coaxialcable
Twist pair / Fiber
Twisted pair /Fiber
Twisted pair / FiberFiber
10
Types of Ethernet(2/2)
Topology Maximum segment length Transmission Media
10Base-5 Bus 500m Coaxial cable (thick) 50 ohm
10Base-2 Bus 185m Coaxial cable (thin) 50 ohm
10Base-T Star 100m Twisted pair 100 ohm
10Base-F Star 2000m Fiber
100Base-TX Star 100m STP
100Base-T4 Star 100m UTP
100Base-FX Star 100m Fiber
1000Base-SX Star 550m Fiber
1000Base-LX Star 5000m Fiber
1000Base-CX Star 25m STP
10GBase-S Star 300m Multi Mode Fiber
10GBase-L Star 10000m Single Mode Fiber11
Twisted-pair cablesName
Typical construction
Bandwidth Applications Notes
Level 1 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem linesNot described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Unsuitable for modern systems.
Level 2 4 MHz Older terminal systems, e.g. IBM 3270Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Unsuitable for modern systems.
Cat.3 UTP 16 MHz 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T4 EthernetDescribed in EIA/TIA-568. Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit/s. Now mainly for telephone cables
Cat.4 UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit/sToken Ring Not commonly used
Cat.5 UTP 100 MHz 100BASE-TX & 1000BASE-T Ethernet Common in most current LANs
Cat.5e UTP 100 MHz 100BASE-TX & 1000BASE-T EthernetEnhanced Cat5. Same construction as Cat5, but with better testing standards.
Cat.6 UTP 250 MHz 10GBASE-T EthernetMost commonly installed cable in Finland according to the 2002 standard. SFS-EN 50173-1
Cat.6a U/FTP, F/UTP 500 MHz 10GBASE-T EthernetAdds cable shielding. ISO/IEC 11801:2002 Amendment 2.
Cat.7 F/FTP, S/FTP 600 MHzTelephone, CCTV, 1000BASE-TX in the same cable. 10GBASE-T Ethernet.
Fully shielded cable. ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed.
Cat.7a F/FTP, S/FTP 1000 MHzTelephone, CATV, 1000BASE-TX in the same cable. 10GBASE-T Ethernet.
Uses all four pairs. ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed. Am. 2.
Cat.8.1 U/FTP, F/UTP 1600-2000 MHzTelephone, CATV, 1000BASE-TX in the same cable. 40GBASE-T Ethernet.
In development.
Cat.8.2 F/FTP, S/FTP 1600-2000 MHzTelephone, CATV, 1000BASE-TX in the same cable. 40GBASE-T Ethernet.
In development.
12
OSI module
TCP/IP protocol suite
13
Overview(1/2)OSI
• Theoretical model
• Has seven architectural
layers
• Protocol-independent
standard
TCP/IP• Model around which
internet is developed
• Has four architectural
layers
• Protocol-dependent
standard
14
Overview(2/2)
15
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Media interface
• Signal strength
• Encoding (0 or 1)
• Transmission mode (simplex, half-duplex, full-
duplex mode)
• Physical Topology (star, bus, ring)
• Line configuration (point-to-point, multipoint
configuration)
16
Layer 2: Data Link Layer(1/2)
• Access control
• Error detection (FCS/CRC)
• Physical addressing
L2 Ethernet Frame 64-1518 bytes
12B
GAP
7B 1B 6B 6B 2B 4B46-1500B
Preamble SDDestination
MAC
Source MAC
Type Data Pad FCS
Ethernet Frame format
17
Layer 2: Data Link Layer(2/2)
MAC address format
LSB
4A:30:10:21:10:1A
A=1010
unicast
47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
7=0111
multicast
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
broadcast
18
Ethernet II special bit
IEEE 802.3 special bit
Layer 3: Network Layer(1/3)
• End to end Delivery
• Routing
• Fragmentation/sequencing for MTU
• Logical addressing
Technology Maximum Transmission Unit
Ethernet 1500 Bytes
FDDI 4352 Bytes
X.25 1600 Bytes
ATM 9180 Bytes
802.11 2272 Bytes
19
Layer 3: Network Layer(2/3)
Private IPClass A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
• IP address
Public IP
20
Layer 3: Network Layer(3/3)
• IP Packet format
IP Header IP Payload
21
Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Process-to-process delivery
• Service-point addressing
• Flow control
• Error recovery
• Connection control
• Fragmentation/Sequencing of data
22
Layer 5: Session Layer• Dialog control
• Synchronization
Layer 6: Presentation Layer• Translation (ASCII, JPEG)
• Encryption
• Compression
Layer 7: Application Layer• Network virtual terminal
• File transfer, access, and management(IE, Outlook)23
L7 L4 L3
24
Connecting Device
25
Layer 1 Device(1/3)
• Physical layer device
• Receives and retransmits
• Repeater and hub
– 1000Base-CX needs a repeater or hub per 25m
– Show as the table at pg.11
26
Layer 1 Device(2/3)
• Repeater
– Receives a signal and retransmits it at a high level
or higher power, or onto the other side of an
obstruction, so that the signals can cover longer
distances
27
Layer 1 Device(3/3)
• Hub
– Connecting multiple ethernet devices together and
making the act as a single network segment
– Has multiple I/O ports, repeats the input signal at
the output of every port
– Participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam
signal to all ports if it detects a collisionhub
abandon abandon abandonreceive
28
Layer 2 Device(1/3)
• Physical and data link layer device
• Bridge and layer 2 switch
29
Layer 2 Device(2/3)
• Bridge
– Connects multiple network segments
– Decides the message to which LAN
Bridge
A B C D
71:2B:13:45:61:41 71:2B:13:45:61:42 64:2B:13:45:61:12 64:2B:13:45:61:13
1
2 3
4
30
LAN 1 LAN 2
Layer 2 Device(3/3)
• Layer 2 Switch
• Learns, Filters and forwards
• No collision, only bandwidth sharingL2 Switch
A B C D
71:2B:13:45:61:41 71:2B:13:45:61:42 64:2B:13:45:61:12 64:2B:13:45:61:13
1
2 3
4
MAC address port
-------------------------------------------
MAC address port
-------------------------------------------
71:2B:13:45:61:41 1
MAC address port
-------------------------------------------
71:2B:13:45:61:41 1
64:2B:13:45:61:13 4
MAC address port
-------------------------------------------
71:2B:13:45:61:41 1
64:2B:13:45:61:13 4
71:2B:13:45:61:42 2
MAC address port
-------------------------------------------
71:2B:13:45:61:41 1
64:2B:13:45:61:13 4
71:2B:13:45:61:42 2
64:2B:13:45:61:12 3
initial
A to D
D to B
B to A
C to D
31
Layer 3 Device
• Physical, data link, and network layer device
• From Mac address to IP address
• IP routing
• Router and three layer switch
32
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
33
Hands On
Network Topology in our office
Hands On (1/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
A to B
B to A
advantecher34
Hands On(2/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
A to C
B to C
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
advantecher
35
Hands On(3/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
C to A
C to B
172.17.7.254172.17.17.254
router
advantecher
advantecher
36
Hands On(4/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
A to D
B to D
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
172.17.17.254
advantecher
37
Hands On(5/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
routerD to A
D to B
advantecher
172.17.17.254
advantecher
38
Hands On(6/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
routerC to D
D to B
advantecher
172.17.17.254
advantecher
39
Hands On(7/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.1
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
Z to A
Z to B
40
Hands On(8/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.1
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
Z to D
41
Hands On(9/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.1
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
172.17.7.214
A to Zfailed
X
Firewall
42
Hands On(10/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.1
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
172.17.7.214
A to tw.yahoo.com
router
43
Hands On(11/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.1
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
172.17.7.214
C to tw.yahoo.com
router
44
Hands On(12/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.254
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
172.17.7.214
Z to tw.yahoo.com
router
45
Hands On(13/13)
A B C D
172.17.6.23 172.17.6.17 172.17.17.42 172.17.16.109
switch
172.17.7.254
router
advantecher
10.7.5.254
10.7.5.50
SQA
Z
172.17.17.254
advantecher AP router
172.17.7.214
router
Internet
46
Thanks
47
48
IP Packet format-ToS
Bits 0-2: Precedence. Bit 3: 0 = Normal Delay, 1 = Low Delay. Bit 4: 0 = Normal Throughput, 1 = High Throughput. Bit 5: 0 = Normal Relibility, 1 = High Relibility. Bit 6-7: Reserved for Future Use.
Precedence 111 - Network Control 011 - Flash 110 - Internetwork Control 010 - Immediate 101 - CRITIC/ECP 001 - Priority 100 - Flash Override 000 - Routine
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