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2011 American Astronautical Society Robert H. Goddard Memorial Symposium--David Neyland, DARPA
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DARPA / NASA Joint Efforts
Mr. David L. Neyland
Director, Tactical Technology Office
Briefing prepared for the American Astronautical Society
48th Annual Robert H. Goddard Memorial Symposium
Greenbelt, MD
March 31, 2011
Distribution Statement “A” (Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited).
SPUTNIK
► Create and deny surprise
► Lean, agile organization with a risk-taking culture
► Idea-driven and outcome-oriented
► Demonstrate solution concepts
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20101950
DARPAARPA
DARPA organizational culture
DARPA/NASA pairing
GPS
DARPA
Orbital Expresstransit Have BlueARPAnet
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Fortunate consequences of high risk / high pay-off investment
Apollo launch
Original F1 engine too
complicated for early launch
requirements.
Four years later developed for
heavy-lift manned missions.
1955-1959
1963
Original ARPAnet for sharing
large volumes of lab data.
1969
Unplanned innovation turned it
into
the world wide web.
1990
The ‘Internet’
GPS
Navstar Global Positioning System
(GPS) satellite Image: USAF
Research Lab
Transit 2A satellite pioneered
doppler navigation for specific
military missions.
Became global precision navigation
technology for military and civilian
use.
1999
1967
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ART 1969 DARPA 1969 Real life 2010
Interactive tablet
communication
DARPA 1980s Real life 1996ART 1966
Portable
phone
Jules Verne
ART 1865DARPA 1958 Real life 1969
Spaceflight
Art becomes life
2001: A Space Odyssey (MGM)
Star Trek (Paramount)
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Fortunate consequences of spaceflight investment
• Water purification equipment
• Enriched baby food
• Scratch-resistant lenses
• Athletic shoes
• Shock-absorbing helmets
• Home security systems
• Smoke detectors
• Flat panel televisions
• Food packaging
• Freeze-dried technology
• Fogless ski goggles
• Self-adjusting sunglasses
• Hang gliders
• Art preservation
• Quartz crystal timing equipment
http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/apollo.htm
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How can we lower barriers of entry into space?
How can increased participation increase safety?
How can we generate invention, investment and increased opportunity in space?
How can we decrease costs by re-using mass on orbit?
Challenges ► Successes ► Opportunity
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Challenges ► Successes ► Opportunity
Small satellites have decreased barriers of entry into space.
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• 1995 NASA: First comprehensive set of orbital debris mitigation guidelines.
• 1997 U.S. Government: Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices.
• 1998-2002 Japan, France, Russia, European Space Agency (ESA): Orbital debris mitigation guidelines.
• 2002 Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Guidelines to mitigate the growth of the orbital debris.
Increased participation may improve safety.
…Even when total launch mass increased 80%
in the same time period.
Stabilized debris period
due to voluntary mitigation…
1960 201020001970 1980 1990 200920001990
Challenges ► Successes ► Opportunity
NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, vol. 14 issue 1, p 12, January 2010.FAA COMSTAC 2009 Commercial Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) Launch Demand Forecast
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100 Year Starship Study
Horizontal Launch Study Manned Servicing at GEO Study
Beamed Energy Propulsion Study
Challenges ► Successes ► Opportunity
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• Near-term technology demonstration with first stage conventional aircraft.
• Technologies for an improved upper stage(s) for reusability or higher performance.
• Improved first stage options, including supersonic and hypersonic.
Improving the cost, availability and safety of space launch
by leveraging a broader industrial base and existing aviation infrastructure.
Opportunity ► Horizontal Launch Study
DARPA Interest
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Reasonable timeframes for innovative launch options.
<500 lbs 500-10,000 lbs 10,000+ lbs
0-3 years
• Supersonic Carrier + Expendable Solid Rocket(s).
• Subsonic Carrier + Expendable Solid Upper Stage(s).
• Subsonic Carrier + Liquid Propellant Upper Stage.
• Sled + Multistage Rocket.• “Monster” Subsonic Carrier + Rocket
Upper Stage.
4-9 years
• Enhanced Supersonic Carrier + Enhanced Upper Stage.
• Subsonic Carrier + Enhanced Upper Stage.
• New Carrier w/ACES + Rocket Upper Stage.
• New Supersonic Carrier + Rocket Upper Stage.
• Sled + ERJ.• RTA + Rocket.• Turbo-ramjet + Rocket.
10+ years
• Subsonic Carrier + Reusable TBCC + Expendable Rocket.
• TSTO TBCC + Rocket.• TSTO RBCC + Rocket.• TSTO LACE / DMSJ + Rocket.• TSTO RTA+ RBCC.• Skylon-like Air-breathing Rocket + Rocket.
Opportunity ► Horizontal Launch Study (cont.)
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Study objectives:
• Assess GEO-based human satellite servicing.
• Identify activities which mitigate risk to human exploration.
• Recommend areas for possible technology investment .
• Provide context for recommended areas of technology investment.
Scope of study includes:
• Hardware transportation from LEO/GTO to GEO.
• Crew transportation to GEO and return.
• Near-GEO human presence considerations.
• Robotic, EVA, and element infrastructure.
Opportunity ► Manned GEO Servicing Study
Assess GEO-based human satellite servicing.
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Teleoperated from ground Teleoperated on site Autonomous
Relocation(space tug)
Stable contact dynamics through time delay; Predictive models for S/C motion
External equipment attachment
Attachment mechanisms for existing S/C hardpoints;Space adhesives
Attachment mechanisms for existing S/C hardpoints;Space adhesives
Attachment mechanisms for existing S/C hardpoints;Space adhesives
Electrical port interface
tile feedback; Adaptable connector interfaces
Tactile feedback; Adaptable connector interfaces
Adaptable connector interfaces;machine vision
RefuelingMachine vision;Planning / scheduling
Pre/Post EVA site prep
Tactile feedback; Stable contact dynamics through time delay; Attachment mechanisms
EVA crew support
Situational awareness; FDIR; Dexterous manipulation through time delay
Situational awareness; Control of high DOF systems
Autonomous scene understanding; FDIR; planning/ scheduling; Human-robot interfaces
Internal component replacement
Situational awareness; Dexterous manipulation through time delay; Miniature space mechanisms
Situational awareness; control of high DOF systems; Miniature space mechanisms
Opportunity ► Manned GEO Servicing Study (cont.)
Research needs by servicing type.
Technologies available for orbital demo
Fundamental techniques developed;significant development needed
Significant fundamental research needed
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Opportunity ► Beamed Energy Propulsion Study (BEP)
Low-cost, rapid access to space by:
• High-specific impulse power source.
• Removing the power-generation mass from the
spacecraft.
Advancements in high-energy beamed power systems and
optics over the past 20 years warrant a fresh look.
BEP could help meet NASA or DoD needs by providing low-cost,
rapid access to space for:
• Launch to Earth orbit of small payloads.
• Continuous presence at VLEO.
• LEO to GEO transportation system.
• Extreme deep space exploration. NASA artwork by Pat Rawlings
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Engine Types
• Heat Exchanger
• Optical Cavity
• Lightcraft
• MET, Hall, Ion
Hybrids
• Bimodal
• Afterburner
• AblativePropellants
• Water
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Methane
• Hydrazine
Power Systems
• Solar
• Nuclear
• Flywheel
Beam Types
• mm Wave
• µ Wave
• Laser (Continuous)
• Laser Pulsed
Vehicle Types
• Reusable
• Staged
• Drop Tank
• Sail
Beamed Energy Power Concept
System Implementation
• Launch Assist
• Relay Mirrors
• Ground Site
• Shipboard
• Launch Availability
Opportunity ► Beamed Energy Propulsion Study (cont.)
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Goal: Develop a viable and sustainable model for persistent, long-term, private-sector
investment into the myriad of disciplines needed to make long-distance space
travel viable; with the agility to respond to the accelerating pace of
technological change.
• How do organizations evolve and maintain focus and momentum for 100 years or more?
• What models have supported long term technology development?
• What resources and financial structures have initiated and sustained prior settlements of “new
worlds”?
Opportunity ► 100 Year Starship Study
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Opportunity ► 100 Year Starship Study (cont.)
1/11/11
100YSS Strategic Planning Workshop: A gathering of visionaries addressed the opportunities and challenges involved in the development of the 100YSS organizational construct needed to effect the long-term goal.
Critical to the success of 100YSS:
Why?
Why go? Why
humans? Why now?
What?
What is the scope?
What are the milestones? What are the domains of interest?
How?
How is the entity structured for self-
sustainability and long-term investment?
How is money made from this activity(profit vs. not-for-
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Opportunity ► 100 Year Starship Study (cont.)
Next Steps
April 2011
DARPA and NASA Request for Information (RFI) Respondent must focus on flexible yet robust mechanisms by which:
• An endowment can be created and sustained, wholly devoid of government or subsidy control.
• Funding for worthwhile undertakings—in the sciences, engineering, humanities, or the arts—may be awarded in pursuit of the vision of interstellar flight.
Summer 2011
100YSS Public Conference to be held at NASA Ames Research Center. Purpose: • To begin to define the initial research scope across multiple
domains• To connect to the researchers who must be engaged in this
activity in order for it to be successful.
FY12 Establishment of the 100YSS business entity.
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DARPA, NASA and Spaceflight … great opportunities ahead
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