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INTRODUCTION
ECOLOGY
KEYWORDS
Ecology ecosystempioneer speciesBiosphere biotic factor climax communitySpecies abiotic factor biomePopulation niche autotrophCommunity ecological succession
heterotroph
ECOLOGY
Study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment German biologist
Ernst Haeckel coined the term
RECALL HBO
What are levels under the HBO?How does energy flow from one level to
another?
BIOMES
A. Land Biomes 1. Tundra 2. Taiga 3. Temperate deciduous forest 4. Grassland 5. Tropical rainforest 6. Desert
B. Aquatic Biomes 1. Freshwater 2. Marine 3. Estuary
BIOMES
Have the same climate and similar dominant community Interplay between the abiotic and biotic factors
Ecological niche
The role or job of an organism in its environment As simple as producer or consumer Keystone species or sentinel species
Ecological succession
- the sequence of communities that develops in an area from the initial stages of colonization until a stable climax community is achieved
Primary succession
Colonization of an area devoid of soil by pioneer species/plant life (algae/lichen) that can lead to a climax community Climax community-
steady-state reached by organisms through an ecological succession
Secondary succession
Is due to an event that resulted in the revegetation of an area that already has an established community Fire Volcanic eruption
Ecological Succession
Is present in terrestrial and aquatic environment
Flow of energy
Recall: trophic levels- producers, consumersFeeding relationships: food chains, food websEcological pyramids
Energy Biomass numbers
Energy pyramid
No limit in the trophic level in a food chainBUT, energy decreases once it is passed from
one level to another due to life processes10% is transferred from level to another
Biomass pyramid
Biomass- the amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
Biomass pyramid- amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem
Can be an inverted pyramid such as in the case of the rain forest
Pyramid of numbers
Amount or number of organisms at each trophic level not always represent a pyramid such as in a
rainforest
Cycles of Matter
Energy has a one-way flow, matter is recycled Recycling happens through the biogeochemical cycles
Water Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous
Disruptions in the compartments
Nutrient limitation
Primary productivity- rate at which organic matter is created by producers
Limiting nutrient- a nutrient that limits the productivity of an ecosystem NPK
An aquatic environment is considered a nutrient poor ecosystem compared to land
H2O Cycle
Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle
Algal Bloom and Eutrophication
Niche
Full range of physical and biological conditions an organism lives and the way the organism uses these conditions Biotic- place in the food chain Abiotic- temperature, moisture range for survival
Community interactions
Competition Competitive exclusion principle
PredationSymbiosis- any relationship in which two
species live closely together Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism – sometimes considered as predation
Competitive exclusion principle
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