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Transcription Steps:1. RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds DNA.2. RNAP binds to promoter region.3. RNAP reads DNA and constructs mRNA.4. RNAP hits stop codon and releases mRNA.5. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.
Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
Promoter Region
Coding Region
Termination Sequence
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
STEP 1: RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds DNA.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
STEP 2: RNAP binds to promoter region.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
STEP 3: RNAP reads DNA and constructs mRNA.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
RNA Polymerase Opens the DNA Strand and replicates the mRNA strand.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
RNA Polymerase Opens the DNA Strand and replicates the mRNA strand.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
Start Codon
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
t
Start Codon
t
DNA Strand T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
t
Start Codon Stop Codon
STEP 4: RNAP hits stop codon and releases mRNA.
t
DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence
t
Start Codon Stop Codon
mRNA
t
Through Nuclear Pore
mRNA
t
Through Nuclear Pore
t
Through Nuclear Pore
t
Through Nuclear Pore
t
Through Nuclear Pore
t
Through Nuclear Pore
STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.
t
Through Nuclear Pore
STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.
t
Through Nuclear Pore
mRNA Strand
STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.
Translation
Translation Steps:1. rRNA forms ribosome.2. mRNA binds to ribosome.3. tRNA brings in anti-codon.4. Amindo acid attached to tRNA binds with
a peptide bond5. Ribosome hits stop codon and completes
the protein.
t
Through Nuclear Pore
mRNA Strand
The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place
Cytoplasm
t
Through Nuclear Pore
mRNA Strand
The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place
Cytoplasm Ribosome
t
Through Nuclear Pore
mRNA Strand
The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place
Cytoplasm Ribosome
t
t
t
t
STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.
Ribosome
t
STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.
Ribosome
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.mRNA
t
STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.
Ribosome
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
Ribosome
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.
t
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.
Start Codon
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
STEP 3: tRNA brings in anti-codon.
tRNA
Amino Acid
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
STEP 3: tRNA brings in anti-codon.
The anticodon is made up from tRNA and binds to the matching mRNA strand. It takes up three bases at a time.
Anti-Codon
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The ribosome creates a chemical reaction that forms the 2 amino acids together. The point that joins them is called the peptide bond.
Peptide Bond
STEP 4: Amino acid attached to tRNA binds with a peptide bond.
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
When the ribosome keeps going on the mRNA strand, the first tRNA falls off but the amino acid from it stays on.
t
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
Stop Codon
STEP 5: Ribosome hits stop codon and completes the protein.
T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue
The tRNA and ribosome falls off when it reaches the stop codon.
Methionine
Arginine
tyrosine
Asparticacid
serine
threonine
isoleucine
leucine
leucine
isoleucine
10 Amino Acids
10 Amino Acids
Completed Protein
Summary:RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds the DNA. Then the RNAP binds to the
promoter region and the RNAP read the DNA and constructs the mRNA. The polymerase goes down the DNA strand while constructing the mRNA until it hits the stop codon. Once it hits the stop codon, it releases the mRNA. From there, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm where it begins translation.
The rRNA forms a ribosome that binds to the mRNA strand. Once it is formed to the mRNA strand, the tRNA bring in the anti-codon. The matching anti-codon attaches with the mRNA strand at the start codon. When the next anti-codon comes, the two amino acids are bonded by a peptide bond. The first anti-codon and tRNA will leave, and a new one will come in and attach its amino acid together with the second one. This process continues until the ribosome reads the stop codon. When it reads the stop codon, the tRNA anti-codons fall off along with the ribosome, leaving a completed protein amino acid chain left.
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