Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems

Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) as a Refrigerant

An Overview

Introduction:

What is Ammonia?Why is it used as a refrigerant?What are some of it’s properties?How does it compare to other refrigerants?Is it safe?

Also known as R-717

It is a single component refrigerant.

One part nitrogen, three parts hydrogen.

Anhydrous means void of water content.

Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3):

Does not deplete the ozone.

Does not contribute to climate change.

Leaks are easily detectable.

Environmentally Friendly:

Properties: Ammonia has less volume than comparable

refrigerants. On large systems it requires smaller piping and smaller components.

EXAMPLE: Tons of refrigeration per 100 equivalent feet of pipe. R-134a: 11/8” copper = 28.4 tons liquid

2.3 tons suction R-717: 1” iron pipe = 126 tons liquid 3.8 tons suction

Ammonia and oil do not mix well, so keeping oil in the compressor is less difficult.

Ammonia is miscible with water, so it is easily diluted, and easily washed away.

Ammonia is corrosive to copper alloys

How Does it Compare? R-12 Boils at –20 degrees at 0 lbs. R-134a Boils at –14 degrees at 0 lbs. R-717 Boils at –28 degrees at 0 lbs.

Ammonia is 3% more efficient than R-22 & 10% more efficient than R-134a

EXAMPLE: At 32 psig suction R-12 = 34 degrees R-134a = 37 degrees R-717 = 19 degrees

Safety: Ammonia is toxic and corrosive.

When mixed with oxygen it will burn.

Ammonia is lighter than air.

Ammonia can be easily diluted with water.

Small amounts of can be dispersed into a container of water.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should always be used

when working with Ammonia.(i.e. neoprene gloves, eye goggles, full face shield, canister type respirator)

Equipment rooms must be well ventilated.

Egress should be well marked and unobstructed.

Make others aware that you are working on the equipment.

Equipment rooms must have a detection & alarm system.

Systems under 10,000 lbs. on site fall under the state and the EPA

Systems over 10,000 lbs. fall under Home Land Security. Every pound must be tracked and accounted for.

The average odor threshold is 5 ppm.

100-200 ppm: Eyes irritated.

500 ppm & below: No permanent eye damage.

300 ppm: Immediate throat irritation.

1700 ppm: Coughing

2400 ppm: Threat to life after 30 minutes exposure.

5000 ppm: Vapor – Full body chemical suit required.

5000 ppm: Liquid – Second degree burns and blisters.

Check out some pictures of an ammonia refrigeration system!

Computer control panel on a 500 ton Frick screw machine

Labeled ammonia piping in the machine room

Ammonia piping in the machine room

Thermal siphon tank in the machine room

Liquid ammonia receiver tank

500 ton Frick screw machine

500 ton Frick screw machine

Ammonia accumulator

Torn down liquid ammonia pump

Ammonia transfer vessel and pump

Value station for an evaporator

Valve station for an evaporator

Evaporative condensers for ammonia plant

Main plant and valve station control center

Three 500 ton Frick screw machines in plant

The End