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I N T R O T O N O D E . J S- L E V E L O N E -
INTRO TO NODE.JS
WHAT IS NODE.JS?
It’s fast because it’s mostly C code
Allows you to build scalable network applications using JavaScript on the server-side.
V8 JavaScript Runtime
Node.js
INTRO TO NODE.JS
WHAT COULD YOU BUILD?• Websocket Server• Fast File Upload Client• Ad Server• Any Real-Time Data Apps
Like a chat server
INTRO TO NODE.JS
WHAT IS NODE.JS NOT ?• A Web Framework• For Beginners It’s very low level• Multi-threaded
You can think of it as a single threaded server
INTRO TO NODE.JS
OBJECTIVE: PRINT FILE CONTENTS
This is a “Callback”
Read file from Filesystem, set equal to “contents”Print contents
• Blocking Code
• Non-Blocking Code
Do something else
Read file from Filesystemwhenever you’re complete, print the contents
Do Something else
console.log(contents);
INTRO TO NODE.JS
BLOCKING VS NON-BLOCKING
var contents = fs.readFileSync('/etc/hosts');console.log(contents);
console.log('Doing something else');
• Blocking Code
• Non-Blocking Code
console.log('Doing something else');Stop process unt
il complete
fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', function(err, contents) {
});
fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', function(err, contents) {console.log(contents);
});
INTRO TO NODE.JS
CALLBACK ALTERNATE SYNTAX
var callback = function(err, contents) { console.log(contents);}
fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', callback);
Same as
INTRO TO NODE.JS
BLOCKING VS NON-BLOCKING
blocking
0snon-blocking
10s5s
0s 10s5s
fs.readFile('/etc/hosts', callback);fs.readFile('/etc/inetcfg', callback);
var callback = function(err, contents) { console.log(contents);}
hello.js
NODE.JS HELLO DOG
$ curl http://localhost:8080
Hello, this is dog.
How we require modules
Status code in headerResponse body
Close the connectionListen for connections on this port
$ node hello.js Run the server
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function(request, response) {response.writeHead(200);response.write("Hello, this is dog.");response.end();
}).listen(8080);
console.log('Listening on port 8080...');
Listening on port 8080...
THE EVENT LOOPvar http = require('http');http.createServer(function(request, response) {
}).listen(8080);console.log('Listening on port 8080...');
Starts the Event Loop when finished
...
Known Eventsrequest
Checkingfor
Events
Run the Callback
INTRO TO NODE.JS
WHY JAVASCRIPT ?“JavaScript has certain characteristics that make it very different than other dynamic languages, namely that it has no concept of threads. Its model of concurrency is completely based around events.” - Ryan Dahl
THE EVENT LOOPKnown Events
requestCheckingfor
Eventsconnection
close
Event Queue
closerequest
Events processed one at a time
INTRO TO NODE.JS
WITH LONG RUNNING PROCESS
Represent long running process
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
}).listen(8080);
response.writeHead(200);
response.write("Dog is done.");response.end();
setTimeout(function(){
}, 5000); 5000ms = 5 seconds
response.write("Dog is running.");
INTRO TO NODE.JS
TWO CALLBACKS HEREvar http = require('http');
http.createServer(function(request, response) {response.writeHead(200);
request
timeout
}).listen(8080);
response.write("Dog is done.");response.end();
setTimeout(function(){
}, 5000);
response.write("Dog is running.");
TWO CALLBACKS TIMELINE
0s 10s5s
Request comes in, triggers request event
Request Callback executessetTimeout registered
Request comes in, triggers request event
Request Callback executessetTimeout registered
triggers setTimeout eventsetTimeout Callback executes
triggers setTimeout eventsetTimeout Callback
request
timeout
WITH BLOCKING TIMELINE
0s 10s5s
Request comes in, triggers request event Request Callback executes
setTimeout executed
Request comes in, waits for server
Request comes in
triggers setTimeout eventsetTimeout Callback executedWasted Time
Request Callback executes
INTRO TO NODE.JS
• Calls out to web services
TYPICAL BLOCKING THINGS
• Reads/Writes on the Database• Calls to extensions
E V E N T S- L E V E L T W O -
E V E N T S
EVENTS IN THE DOM
The DOM
The DOM triggers Events
click
events
you can listen for those events
submit
hover
When ‘click’ event is triggered
attach
$("p").on("click", function(){ ... });
E V E N T S
EVENTS IN NODE
EventEmitter
Many objects in Node emit events
net.Serverrequestevent
EventEmitterfs.readStream
dataevent
E V E N T S
CUSTOM EVENT EMITTERS
var logger = new EventEmitter();
logger.emit('error', 'Spilled Milk');
ERR: Spilled Milk
logger.emit('error', 'Eggs Cracked');
var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
error warn info
listen for error eventlogger.on('error', function(message){
console.log('ERR: ' + message);});
ERR: Eggs Cracked
events
E V E N T S
EVENTS IN NODE
EventEmitter
Many objects in Node emit eventsnet.Server
requestevent
When ‘request’ event is emitted
function(request, response){ .. }
emit
attach
E V E N T S
HTTP ECHO SERVERhttp.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });
But what is really going on here?http://nodejs.org/api/
E V E N T S
BREAKING IT DOWNhttp.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });
http.createServer(function(request, response){ ... });
E V E N T S
ALTERNATE SYNTAX
var server = http.createServer();function(request, response){ ... });server.on('request',
This is how we add
Same as
function(){ ... });server.on('close',
add event listeners
S T R E A M S- L E V E L T H R E E -
S T R E A M S
WHAT ARE STREAMS?
Start ProcessingImmediately
Streams can be readable, writeable, or both
S T R E A M S
STREAMING RESPONSE
Our clients receive "Dog is running."
"Dog is done."
(5 seconds later)
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
}).listen(8080);
response.writeHead(200);
response.write("Dog is done.");response.end();
setTimeout(function(){
}, 5000);
response.write("Dog is running.");
readable stream writable stream
S T R E A M S
HOW TO READ FROM THE REQUEST ?
EventEmitterReadable Stream data
eventsemit
Lets print what we receive from the request.http.createServer(function(request, response) {
request.on('data', function(chunk) {console.log(chunk.toString());
});
response.end();
}).listen(8080)
request.on('end', function() {
});
response.writeHead(200);
end
S T R E A M S
LETS CREATE AN ECHO SERVERhttp.createServer(function(request, response) {
request.on('data', function(chunk) {
});
response.end();
}).listen(8080)
request.on('end', function() {
});
response.writeHead(200);
response.write(chunk); request.pipe(response);
S T R E A M S
LETS CREATE AN ECHO SERVER!http.createServer(function(request, response) {
}).listen(8080)request.pipe(response);
$ curl -d 'hello' http://localhost:8080
Hello on client
response.writeHead(200);
cat 'bleh.txt' | grep 'something'Kinda like on the command line
S T R E A M S
READING AND WRITING A FILEvar fs = require('fs');
var file = fs.createReadStream("readme.md");var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md");
require filesystem module
file.pipe(newFile);
S T R E A M S
UPLOAD A FILEvar fs = require('fs');
var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md");
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
request.pipe(newFile);
}).listen(8080);
$ curl --upload-file readme.md http://localhost:8080
uploaded!
response.end('uploaded!');request.on('end', function() {
});
THE AWESOME STREAMING
client storage
server
original filetransferred file
non-blocking
0s 10s5s
BACK PRESSURE!
client storage
server
original filetransferred file
Writable stream slowerthan readable stream
Using pipe solves this problem
THINK OF A MILK JUGmilkStream.pause();
milkStream.resume();});
Once milk jug is drained
PIPE SOLVES BACKPRESSURE
readStream.resume();});
Pause when writeStream is full
writeStream.on('drain', function(){
readStream.on('data', function(chunk) {writeStream.write(chunk);
});
var buffer_good =if (!buffer_good) readStream.pause(); returns false
if kernel buffer fullResume when ready to write again
readStream.pipe(writeStream);All encapsulated in
S T R E A M S
FILE UPLOADING PROGRESS
S T R E A M S
FILE UPLOADING PROGRESS$ curl --upload-file file.jpg http://localhost:8080
progress: 3%progress: 6%progress: 9%progress: 12%progress: 13%...progress: 99%progress: 100%
Outputs:
• HTTP Server• File System
We’re going to need:
S T R E A M S
DOCUMENTATION http://nodejs.org/api/
Stability Scores
S T R E A M S
REMEMBER THIS CODE?var fs = require('fs');
var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md");
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
request.pipe(newFile);
}).listen(8080);
response.end('uploaded!');request.on('end', function() {
});
S T R E A M S
REMEMBER THIS CODE?var newFile = fs.createWriteStream("readme_copy.md");
http.createServer(function(request, response) {
request.pipe(newFile);
}).listen(8080);...
request.on('data', function(chunk) {uploadedBytes += chunk.length;var progress = (uploadedBytes / fileBytes) * 100;response.write("progress: " + parseInt(progress, 10) + "%\n");
});
var uploadedBytes = 0;var fileBytes = request.headers['content-length'];
S T R E A M S
SHOWING PROGRESS
M O D U L E S- L E V E L F O U R -
M O D U L E S
REQUIRING MODULEShttp.js
How does it find these files?
var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs'); fs.js
How does ‘require’ return the libraries?
M O D U L E S
LETS CREATE OUR OWN MODULE
custom_hello.js
custom_goodbye.js
app.js
exports = hello;
var hello = require('./custom_hello');
hello();
exports defines what require returns
var hello = function() { console.log("hello!");}
exports.goodbye = function() { console.log("bye!");}
var gb = require('./custom_goodbye');
gb.goodbye();
require('./custom_goodbye').goodbye(); If we only need to call once
M O D U L E S
EXPORT MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS
my_module.js
app.js
var foo = function() { ... }var bar = function() { ... }
exports.foo = fooexports.bar = bar
var myMod = require('./my_module');myMod.foo();myMod.bar();
my_module.js
foo
bar
var baz = function() { ... }baz
“private”
M O D U L E S
MAKING HTTP REQUESTSapp.js
logs response body
begins request
var http = require('http');
var options = { host: 'localhost', port: 8080, path: '/', method: 'POST' }
var request = http.request(options, function(response){response.on('data', function(data){console.log(data);
});});
request.end();request.write(message);
finishes request
var message = "Here's looking at you, kid.";
M O D U L E S
ENCAPSULATING THE FUNCTIONapp.jsvar http = require('http');
var makeRequest = function(message) { var options = { host: 'localhost', port: 8080, path: '/', method: 'POST' }
var request = http.request(options, function(response){response.on('data', function(data){console.log(data);
});});
request.end();}
makeRequest("Here's looking at you, kid.");
request.write(message);
Text
M O D U L E S
CREATING & USING A MODULEmake_request.jsvar http = require('http');
var makeRequest = function(message) {
}
exports = makeRequest;
...
app.jsvar makeRequest = require('./make_request');
makeRequest("Here's looking at you, kid");makeRequest("Hello, this is dog");
Where does require look for modules?
M O D U L E S
REQUIRE SEARCH
var make_request = require('make_request')
/Home/eric/my_app/app.js
• /Home/eric/my_app/node_modules/
var make_request = require('./make_request')var make_request = require('../make_request')var make_request = require('/Users/eric/nodes/make_request')
• /Home/eric/node_modules/make_request.js• /Home/node_modules/make_request.js• /node_modules/make_request.js
look in same directorylook in parent directory
Search in node_modules directories
M O D U L E S
NPM: THE USERLAND SEAPackage manager for node
• Comes with node• Module Repository• Dependency Management• Easily publish modules• “Local Only”“Core” is small. “Userland” is large.
M O D U L E S
INSTALLING A NPM MODULE
$ npm install request https://github.com/mikeal/requestIn /Home/my_app
Home my_app request node_modules
Installs into local node_modules directory
var request = require('request');In /Home/my_app/app.js
Loads from local node_modules directory
M O D U L E S
LOCAL VS GLOBAL
Global npm modules can’t be required
$ npm install coffee-script -gInstall modules with executables globally
$ coffee app.coffee
var coffee = require('coffee-script');
$ npm install coffee-script
var coffee = require('coffee-script');
global
Install them locally
M O D U L E S
FINDING MODULESnpm registry
$ npm search request
npm command line
github search
toolbox.no.de
M O D U L E S
DEFINING YOUR DEPENDENCIESmy_app/package.json
version number
$ npm install
my_app connect node_modules
Installs into the node_modules directory
{"name": "My App","version": "1",
"dependencies": { "connect": "1.8.7" }}
M O D U L E S
DEPENDENCIES
my_app connect node_modules
Installs sub-dependencies
connect node_modules qs
connect node_modules mime
connect node_modules formidable
No conflicting modules! "dependencies": { "connect": "1.8.7" }
my_app/package.json
M O D U L E S
SEMANTIC VERSIONING"connect": "1.8.7" 1 8 7
Major Minor Patch. .
http://semver.org/ "connect": "~1.8.7" >=1.8.7 <1.9.0 Considered safe
"connect": "~1.8" >=1.8 <2.0.0 API could change
"connect": "~1" >=1.0.0 <2.0.0 DangerousRanges
E X P R E S S- L E V E L F I V E -
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS“Sinatra inspired web development framework for Node.js -- insanely fast, flexible, and simple”
• Easy route URLs to callbacks• Middleware (from Connect)• Environment based configuration• Redirection helpers• File Uploads
E X P R E S S
INTRODUCING EXPRESS$ npm install express
var express = require('express');
var app = express.createServer();
app.get('/', function(request, response) { response.sendfile(__dirname + "/index.html");});
app.listen(8080);
$ curl http://localhost:8080/> 200 OK
root route
current directory
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS ROUTESapp.js
route definition
get the last 10 tweets for screen_name
pipe the request to response
var request = require('request');var url = require('url');
app.get('/tweets/:username', function(req, response) {
var username = req.params.username;
options = { protocol: "http:", host: 'api.twitter.com', pathname: '/1/statuses/user_timeline.json', query: { screen_name: username, count: 10} }
var twitterUrl = url.format(options); request(twitterUrl).pipe(response);});
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS ROUTES
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS + HTML
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS TEMPLATESapp.js
tweets.ejs
app.get('/tweets/:username', function(req, response) {...request(url, function(err, res, body) {var tweets = JSON.parse(body);response.render('tweets.ejs', {tweets: tweets, name: username});
});});
<h1>Tweets for @<%= name %></h1><ul> <% tweets.forEach(function(tweet){ %> <li><%= tweet.text %></li> <% }); %></ul>
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS TEMPLATES
E X P R E S S
TEMPLATE LAYOUTS
<!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title>Tweets</title> </head> <body> <%- body %> </body></html>
<h1>Tweets for @<%= name %></h1><ul> <% tweets.forEach(function(tweet){ %> <li><%= tweet.text %></li> <% }); %></ul>
tweets.ejs
layout.ejs
E X P R E S S
EXPRESS TEMPLATES
S O C K E T . I O- L E V E L S I X -
S O C K E T . I O
CHATTR
S O C K E T . I O
WEBSOCKETS
browser traditional serverTraditional request/response cycle
Using duplexed websocket connection
S O C K E T . I O
WEBSOCKETS
browser socket.io
S O C K E T . I O
SOCKET.IO FOR WEBSOCKETS
var socket = require('socket.io');var app = express.createServer();var io = socket.listen(app);
Abstracts websockets with fallbacks
io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});console.log('Client connected...');
<script src="/socket.io/socket.io.js"></script>
var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080');<script>
</script>
$ npm install socket.io
app.js
index.html
S O C K E T . I O
SENDING MESSAGES TO CLIENTio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
console.log('Client connected...');
<script src="/socket.io/socket.io.js"></script>
var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080');<script>
</script>
app.js
index.html
client.emit('messages', { hello: 'world' });
server.on('messages', function (data) {
});alert(data.hello);
emit the ‘messages’ event on the client
listen for ‘messages’ events
S O C K E T . I O
CHATTR HELLO WORLD
S O C K E T . I O
SENDING MESSAGES TO SERVERio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080');<script>
</script>
app.js
index.html
client.on('messages', function (data) {
});console.log(data);
$('#chat_form').submit(function(e){var message = $('#chat_input').val();
socket.emit('messages', message);});
listen for ‘messages’ events
emit the ‘messages’ event on the server
S O C K E T . I O
CHATTR HELLO WORLD
S O C K E T . I O
BROADCASTING MESSAGES
clients
server
app.jssocket.broadcast.emit("message", 'Hello');
S O C K E T . I O
BROADCASTING MESSAGESio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
<script>
</script>
app.js
index.html
client.on('messages', function (data) {
});
...
broadcast message to all other clients connectedclient.broadcast.emit("messages", data);
server.on('messages', function(data) { insertMessage(data) });insert message into the chat
S O C K E T . I O
BROADCASTING MESSAGES
S O C K E T . I O
SAVING DATA ON THE SOCKETio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
var server = io.connect('http://localhost:8080');<script>
</script>
app.js
index.html
client.on('join', function(name) {client.set('nickname', name);
});set the nickname associated
with this client
server.on('connect', function(data) {$('#status').html('Connected to chattr');nickname = prompt("What is your nickname?");
server.emit('join', nickname);});
notify the server of theusers nickname
S O C K E T . I O
SAVING DATA ON THE CLIENTio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
app.jsclient.on('join', function(name) {
client.set('nickname', name);});
set the nickname associated with this client
client.on('messages', function(data){
});
client.broadcast.emit("chat", name + ": " + message);client.get('nickname', function(err, name) {
});
get the nickname of this client before broadcasting message
broadcast with the name and message
S O C K E T . I O
SAVING DATA ON THE CLIENT
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A- L E V E L S E V E N -
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
RECENT MESSAGES
});});
});
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
RECENT MESSAGESio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {client.on('join', function(name) {client.set('nickname', name);client.broadcast.emit("chat", name + " joined the chat");
});client.on("messages", function(message){
client.get("nickname", function(error, name) {client.broadcast.emit("messages", name + ": " + message);
app.js
});});
});
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
STORING MESSAGES
io.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {client.on("messages", function(message){
client.get("nickname", function(error, name) {
app.js
storeMessage(name, message);
var messages = []; store messages in arrayvar storeMessage = function(name, data){
messages.push({name: name, data: data});if (messages.length > 10) {
messages.shift();}
}
add message to end of array
if more than 10 messages long,remove the last one
when client sends a message call storeMessage
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
EMITTING MESSAGESio.sockets.on('connection', function(client) {
});
app.js
client.on('join', function(name) {
});
messages.forEach(function(message) { client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data); }); iterate through messages array
and emit a message on the connectingclient for each one
...
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
RECENT MESSAGES
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
PERSISTING STORES• MongoDB• CouchDB• PostgreSQL• Memcached• Riak
All non-blocking!
Redis is a key-value store
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REDIS DATA STRUCTURES
Strings SET, GET, APPEND, DECR, INCR...
Hashes HSET, HGET, HDEL, HGETALL...
Lists LPUSH, LREM, LTRIM, RPOP, LINSERT...
Sets SADD, SREM, SMOVE, SMEMBERS...
Sorted Sets ZADD, ZREM, ZSCORE, ZRANK...
data structure commands
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REDIS COMMAND DOCUMENTATION
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
NODE REDIS
client.get("message1", function(err, reply){ console.log(reply);});
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REDIS
key value
"hello, yes this is dog"
var redis = require('redis');var client = redis.createClient();
client.set("message1", "hello, yes this is dog");client.set("message2", "hello, no this is spider");
commands are non-blocking
$ npm install redis
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REDIS LISTS: PUSHINGAdd a string to the “messages” list
client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){ console.log(reply);}); "1”
var message = "Hello, no this is spider";client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){ console.log(reply);}); "2”
replies with list length
Add another string to “messages”
var message = "Hello, this is dog";
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REDIS LISTS: RETRIEVINGUsing LPUSH & LTRIM
trim keeps first two stringsand removes the rest
Retrieving from list
client.lrange("messages", 0, -1, function(err, messages){ console.log(messages);})
["Hello, no this is spider", "Oh sorry, wrong number"]
replies with all strings in list
var message = "Oh sorry, wrong number";client.lpush("messages", message, function(err, reply){client.ltrim("messages", 0, 1);
});
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
CONVERTING MESSAGES TO REDISvar storeMessage = function(name, data){
messages.push({name: name, data: data});
if (messages.length > 10) { messages.shift(); }}
Let’s use the List data-structure
app.js
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
CONVERTING STOREMESSAGE
var storeMessage = function(name, data){
}
var redisClient = redis.createClient();
var message = JSON.stringify({name: name, data: data});
redisClient.lpush("messages", message, function(err, response) {redisClient.ltrim("messages", 0, 10);
});keeps newest 10 items
app.js
need to turn object into string to store in redis
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
OUTPUT FROM LISTclient.on('join', function(name) {
});
messages.forEach(function(message) {client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data);
});
app.js
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
OUTPUT FROM LIST
client.on('join', function(name) {
});
messages.forEach(function(message) {
client.emit("messages", message.name + ": " + message.data);
});
redisClient.lrange("messages", 0, -1, function(err, messages){messages = messages.reverse();
message = JSON.parse(message);
});
app.js
reverse so they are emittedin correct order
parse into JSON object
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
IN ACTION
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
CURRENT CHATTER LISTSets are lists of unique data
client.sadd("names", "Dog");client.sadd("names", "Spider");client.sadd("names", "Gregg");
client.srem("names", "Spider");
client.smembers("names", function(err, names){ console.log(names);});
["Dog", "Gregg"]
reply with all members of set
add & remove members of the names set
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
ADDING CHATTERSclient.on('join', function(name){
client.broadcast.emit("add chatter", name); redisClient.sadd("chatters", name);});
app.jsnotify other clients a chatter has joined
add name to chatters set
index.htmlserver.on('add chatter', insertChatter);var insertChatter = function(name) {
var chatter = $('<li>'+name+'</li>').data('name', name); $('#chatters').append(chatter);}
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
ADDING CHATTERS (CONT)client.on('join', function(name){
client.broadcast.emit("add chatter", name);
redisClient.sadd("chatters", name);});
app.jsnotify other clients a chatter has joined
add name to chatters set
emit all the currently logged in chattersto the newly connected client
redisClient.smembers('names', function(err, names) { names.forEach(function(name){ client.emit('add chatter', name); });});
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
REMOVING CHATTERSclient.on('disconnect', function(name){ app.js
index.html
client.get('nickname', function(err, name){client.broadcast.emit("remove chatter", name);
redisClient.srem("chatters", name); });});
remove chatter when they disconnect from server
server.on('remove chatter', removeChatter);
var removeChatter = function(name) { $('#chatters li[data-name=' + name + ']').remove();}
P E R S I S T I N G D A T A
WELCOME TO CHATTR
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