Lecture02

Knowledge Representationin

Digital HumanitiesAntonio Jiménez Mavillard

Department of Modern Languages and LiteraturesWestern University

Lecture 2

Knowledge Representation in Digital HumanitiesAntonio Jiménez Mavillard

* Contents: 1. Why this lecture? 2. Discussion 3. Chapter 2 4. Assignment 5. Bibliography

Why this lecture?

* This lecture... · outlines programming languages as the highest type of formal languages, which makes them ideal for KR · describes how computers, the essential tool for DHers, work at programming level

Last assignment discussion

* Time to... · consolidate ideas and concepts dealt in the readings · discuss issues arised in the specific solutions to the projects

Chapter 2

Principles of Computing

1. Overview on computers2. Programming languages

Knowledge Representation in Digital HumanitiesAntonio Jiménez Mavillard5

Chapter 2

1 Overview on computers 1.1 What is a computer? 1.2 Computer components 1.3 How does a computer work?

Chapter 2

2 Programming languages 2.1 User vs programmer 2.2 What is a programming language? 2.3 Classification 2.4 History of programming languages

Overview on computers

What is a computer?

* Definition · A computer is a programable machine that processes input data and produce output information

What is a computer?

* Computers in History · Abacus + Calculating device + Three arithmetic functions: + - x + Dated from 2700 to 2300 BC

What is a computer?* Computers in History · Antikythera mechanism + Analog computer + Calculates astronomical positions + Dated to the early 1st cent. BC

What is a computer?

* Computers in History · Pascaline + Adder machine + Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1640s

What is a computer?* Computers in History · The Stepped Reckoner + Mechanical calculator + Four arithmetic functions: + - x % + Invented by Leibniz in 1673

What is a computer?

* Computers in History · Difference Engine & Analytical Engine & Difference Engine No. 2

What is a computer?* Computers in History · Difference Engine & Analytical Engine & Difference Engine No. 2 + First programable computer + Memory & Processing Units & Punched-card Input + Invented by Charles Babbage from 1821 to 1848

What is a computer?* Computers in History · ENIAC + Electronic calculator + Vacuum tubes + Invented by John Mauchly in 1942

What is a computer?* Computers in History · Turing Machine + Theoretical + Equivalent to any computer + Invented by Alan Turing in 1937

What is a computer?

* Computers in History · Modern computers + Turing-complete + Von Neumann architecture + Integrated circuits

References

“Computer History Museum.” N. p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.

De la Rosa, Javier. “Computer Tools for Linguists.” Yutzu. N. p., n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2013.

Georges Ifrah. “Chapter 5: From Clockwork to Computer: The History of Automatic Calculation.” The Universal History of

Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. Wiley, 2001. Print.

Georges Ifrah. “Chapter 6: What is a Computer?” The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum

Computer. Wiley, 2001. Print.

Computer components

* The architecture describes a computer in terms of its componentes and their relationships* It also defines the instruction set* Most of modern computers follow Von Neumann's architecture

Computer components

* Von Neumann's architecture:

Computer components* Hardware: · CPU · Memory · Input/Output* Operating System* Software · Applications · Programming software

Computer components

* CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor 1. Read an instruction from memory 2. Read data from memory if needed 3. Execute the instruction 4. Write the result into memory if needed 5. Get ready for next instruction

Computer components* RAM (Random Access Memory) · Area where the system holds data (values and program code) waiting to be processed by the CPU · This area can be seen as a huge “table” where the rows are memory positions and the columns are offsets with respect to each memory position

Computer components* RAM (Random Access Memory)

Computer components

* HD (Hard Disk/Drive) · Area where the system stores information · The way in which the Operating System controls how information is stored and retrieved is called file system · The file format specifies how information is encoded in a digital storage medium

Computer components

* RAM vs HD · RAM: small, fast and temporal · HD: big, slow and permanent · The OS moves from the HD to the RAM only the data (vales and program code) it needs to run a program

Computer components* Input · Keyboard · Mouse · Microphone* Output · Screen · Printer · Speakers

Computer components

* Operating System · Examples: + OS X + Ubuntu + Android + Windows 8

Computer components* Operating System · Connects software with hardware and handles everything between both: + Memory + File system + I/O + ... · Examples: Ubuntu, Android, OS X, Windows 8...

Computer components

* Operating System · The file system is the way in which the OS controls how information is stored and retrieved · The file format specifies how information is encoded information in a digital storage medium

Computer components

* Operating System · Two types of files: + Text file - Contains human readable plain text - Encoded in a encoding scheme (UTF-8, Latin 1...) - Examples: txt, HTML, CSV

Computer components

* Operating System · Two types of files: + Binary file - Contains any type of data - Encoded in binary - Examples: zip, JPEG, AVI

Computer components

* Operating System · Size units:

1 B 8b1 KB 1024 B1 MB 1024 KB1 GB 1024 MB1 TB 1024 GB

B byte

KB kilobyte

MB megabyte

GB gigabyte

TB terabyte

Computer components

* Applications · An application is a computer software designed to help people to perform a task · Examples: word processor, spreadsheet, image editor, videogame, web browser...

Computer components

* Programming software · A programming tool or software development tool is a program or application that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications

Computer components* Programming software • An IDE (Integrated Development Environments) combines the features of many tools into one package + source code editor + build automation tools + debugger · Examples: Eclipse, Jbuilder, Komodo

References

Andrew S. Tanenbaum. “Chapter 1: Introduction.” Modern Operating Systems. 2nd edition. Pearson, 2001. Print.

Barata, Kimberly. Understanding Computers: An Overview for Records and Archives Staff. International Records

Management Trust/International Council on Archives, 1999. Print.

John Hennessy, and David Patterson. “Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Design and Analysis.” Computer

Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. 5th Edition. Morgan Kaufmann, 2011. Print.

How does a computer work?

* The computer... 1. accepts input data 2. performs pertinent operations with input and stored data (processing) 3. stores data and keep processing while needed 4. produces output information

How does a computer work?

* How does a modern computer work? The concrete behaviour depends on the particular application

How does a computer work?* How does a modern computer work?

Type of program

Input What does the program does

Output

Word processor Characters typed from the keyboard

Formats the text, corrects the spelling...

Displays and prints neatly organized text

Video game Keystrokes, joystick movements

Calculates how fast and far to move a cartoon figure on-screen

Moves a cartoon figure on-screen

How does a computer work?* How does a modern computer work?

Type of program

Input What does the program does

Output

Web browser HTML codes on other computers

Converts the HTML codes into text and graphics

Displays web pages on-screen

OCR software Text from a scanner

Recognizes shapes of characters

Converts scanned documents into a text file

Programming languages

User vs programmer

* Tipically, to use a computer, someone can: · Use an application previously developed by a programmer (user rol) · Develop their own application by using a programming software (programmer rol)

What is a programming language?

* Definition · A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a computer · Formal/Artificial vs Human/Natural

What is a programming language?

* Definition · A formal language: + has a formalized morphology, syntax and semantics + is computationally processable

What is a programming language?* Definition · morphology: keywords (vocabulary) + Example: var, defun, if · syntax: grammar rules + Example: x = y + 1; (assignment) · semantics: meaning + Example: x * 2 + 1 ≡ (x * 2) + 1 (operator precedence and associativity)

Classification

* Language levels · Low-level languages + Close to machine · High-level languages + Close to human

Classification

* Programming paradigms · Imperative (how) + Procedural (statements) + Object-oriented (interacting objects) · Declarative (what) + Logic (logical sentences) + Functional (mathematical functions)

Classification* Compiled vs Interpreted · Compiled language + Program translated (compiled) into machine language instructions by a compiler and executed by a hardware · Interpreted language + Program executed (interpreted) by an interpreter (run-time environment)

History of programming languages

* Prehistory of programming languages · Programmers of Babylon (1790 BC) + Written language to describe computational procedures

History of programming languages* Prehistory of programming languages · Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (762 AD) + Inventor of algorithms + Wrote Kitâ al-jabr wa'l-muqabâla + Translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum

* Prehistory of programming languages · Augusta Ada, Lady Lovelace + First programmer in history (1842) + Wrote a program for Babbage Engine

* Prehistory of programming languages · Konrad Zuse + Designed Plankalkül (1945) + Never implemented as a real language + Many modern languages share Plankalkül's features

* Prehistory of programming languages · Konrad Zuse + Plankalkül's features - expressions, assignments - types: bit, integer, real, arrays - conditionals, loops, subrutines

* Fortran (1957) · Paradigm: imperative · First high-level language · Scientific-oriented computing

* Fortran (1957) · Introduced + variables + loops + procedures + datatypes: boolean, integer, real...

* Algol 58/60 (1958/1960) · Paradigm: imperative · Ancestor of contemporary languages · Introduced + block structure + recursion + formal definition

* Lisp (1958) · Paradigm: functional · Good for symbolic computing · Language for Artificial Intelligence · Syntax and computing based on lists

* Cobol (1959) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Business-oriented computations · Non-academic language · Elaborate data structures · Introduced + Record type as data structure

* PL/I (1964) · Paradigm: imperative · Combination of the best features of Fortran, Algol 60 and Cobol · First language for general applications · Introduced + event handling

* Basic (1964) · Paradigm: unstructured · First language for personal computing · Easy to learn · Simple, limited, general-purpose

* Simula 67 (1967) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Extension of Algol 60 · For concurrent processes · Introduced + Object Orientation: classes and encapsulation

* Algol 68 (1968) · Paradigm: imperative · Extension of Algol 60 · General purpose language · For academia

* Pascal (1970) · Paradigm: imperative · Sucessor of Algol 60 · Academic language: excellent to teach structured programming and good habits

* C (1972) · Paradigm: imperative · For system programming (implementation language of Unix) and personal computing · Very fast · High-level and low-level language

* Prolog (1972) · Paradigm: logic · Very high-level language · Based on logic with proofs · Very powerful: + Backtracking + Pattern matching

* Smalltalk (1972) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Sucessor of Simula 67 · The purest object-oriented language · Very powerful

* Ada (1983) · Paradigm: imperative · For general applications · Completely standard · Supports concurrency

* C++ (1983) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Extension of C, based on Simula · Introduced + Assignment operator overloading

* Haskell (1990) · Paradigm: funcional · Purely functional: no side effects · Very high-level

* Java (1995) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Based on C++ · Portable · Full object-oriented language · For internet programming but general-purpose

* Perl (1987) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Interpreted language · For text processing

* Python (1991) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Interpreted language · For text processing

* Ruby (1995) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Interpreted language · Dinamically-typed

* Javascript (1995) · Paradigm: object-oriented · Interpreted language · For web programming

* PHP (1997) · Paradigm: imperative · Interpreted language · For web programming · Dinamically-typed

References

Bergin,Jr., Thomas J., and Richard G. Gibson,Jr., eds. History of Programming Languages II. New York, NY, USA:

ACM, 1996. Print.

Fuegi, J., and J. Francis. “Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 ‘Notes.’” IEEE Annals of the History of

Computing 25.4 (2003): 16–26. IEEE Xplore. Web.

History of Programming Languages III. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007. Print.

Sammet, Jean E. “Programming Languages: History and Future.” Commun. ACM 15.7 (1972): 601–610. ACM Digital Library.

Print.

Wexelblat, Richard L., ed. History of Programming Languages I. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 1981. Print.

Assignment

* Assigment 2: Programming the Abacus · Readings + Algorithm (Design And Analysis Of Algorithms) + How to Program an Abacus (http://baptiste.meles.free.fr/site/B.Meles-Abacus_presentation.pdf)

Assignment* Assigment 2: Programming the Abacus · Project Let us have a 9-wired abacus with 9 beads on each wire: + Identify the CPU, memory and I/O + Define the instruction set + Write an algorithm that calculates the sum of any two numbers

References

A.A.Puntambekar. “Algorithm.” Design And Analysis Of Algorithms. Technical Publications, 2010. Print.

Baptiste Mélès. “How to Program an Abacus.” N. p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014.

Bibliography

A.A.Puntambekar. “Algorithm.” Design And Analysis Of Algorithms. Technical Publications, 2010. Print.

Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Modern Operating Systems. 2nd edition. Pearson, 2001. Print.

Baptiste Mélès. “How to Program an Abacus.” N. p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2014.

Barata, Kimberly. Understanding Computers: An Overview for Records and Archives Staff. International Records

Management Trust/International Council on Archives, 1999. Print.

Bergin,Jr., Thomas J., and Richard G. Gibson,Jr., eds. History of Programming Languages II. New York, NY, USA:

ACM, 1996. Print.

“Computer History Museum.” N. p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.

Bibliography

Fuegi, J., and J. Francis. “Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 ‘Notes.’” IEEE Annals of the History of

Computing 25.4 (2003): 16–26. IEEE Xplore. Web.

Georges Ifrah. The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. Wiley, 2001. Print.

History of Programming Languages III. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007. Print.

John Hennessy, and David Patterson. “Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Quantitative Design and Analysis.” Computer

Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. 5th Edition. Morgan Kaufmann, 2011. Print.

Sammet, Jean E. “Programming Languages: History and Future.” Commun. ACM 15.7 (1972): 601–610. ACM Digital Library.

Print.

Wexelblat, Richard L., ed. History of Programming Languages I. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 1981. Print.

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