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LOW CARBON PATHWAYS FOR DEVELOPMENT A CASE OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
ZEENAT NIAZI, DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES. DECEMBER 2013
South Asian Parliamentarians and Policymakers at Work: Sub-Regional Conference
Prime concerns for South Asia
poverty, vulnerability, food-water-energy security, livelihoods
The key concern we often ignore
Environmental degradation due to Anthropogenic activity
The linked picture
Drivers of change Pressures on the natural
capital Changes in State of
environment Impacts on social and
economic development Sustainable Responses
needed
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
Drivers of change
Population Urbanisation Lifestyles Climate Change
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
South Asia- some of the fastest growing cities in the world
By 2020, Mumbai will be the second largest city in the world, closely followed by Delhi, and Dhaka.
With Karachi and Kolkata, 5 of the world’s 11 megacities (10+ million) will then be in South Asia.
Urbanisation and Lifestyles
32% of India’s population lives in urban areas, this is projected to become 50% by 2050
A global middle Class Explosion (wri, 2013)
1billion(1990) 2 billion (2010) 5 billion (2030)
90% of the 3 billion growth will be in Asia – mostly India and China
Source : WRI, 2013
Source : WRI, 2013
Source : WRI, 2013
Pressures on the Natural Eco-System
Land – Change in land use Materials – increased
extraction – soils, stones/aggregates, metals
Water – increased demand, increased transpiration or sudden deluge, reduced flows
Air – green house gas emissions, temperatures changes
Energy – demand for fuel/ electricity
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
Pressures on land
Land-use change agriculture, forest cover, hydrological changes, land-fills, disasters
Urbanisation and pressures for more and new materials
Worldwide buildings account for upto 30% raw materials use
In India 2011, gross built up urban area grew by 10% (CII) Materials for new and
expanding housing needs, poor as well as middle class
Pressures for more and new materials
Source : UNEP-IRP, report on materials
Pressures on the Available Carbon Space
A major share, almost 80% of the GHG burden of the sector, is borne by the building materials alone.
Cement, steel, lime and bricks are the largest bulk consumption items in the construction industry and also the most energy-guzzling. Production of cement in India increased by 56% to 228.3
Mt between 2000 and 2011. The Indian steel industry also witnessed an increase in
production of over 300% between 1994–1995 and 2008–2009.
The brick sector in India has an annual demand for over 200 million bricks.
Pressure on energy resources and climate
Firing is highly energy-intensive and resource-inefficient with a coal consumption of around 20–30 tons for every100, 000 bricks
The sector produces 41.6 Mt of CO2 emissions annually
Conflicts with Food Security
South Asia is the World’s largest producer of bricks with an annual production of approximately 200 billion only in India.
Annually 350 million MT of top soil are lost to brick making competing with agricultural yield and exerting pressure on food security.
Changes in the State of Environment
Increasing fragility of land and water resources - Eco-system Services
Water - hydrological changes, quality and quantity
Increasing pollution of land water and air
Weather conditions – increased uncertainties, sudden and extreme weather events
Climate – changes in temperature and precipitation regimes
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
Impacts on human and eco-system well- being
Food security Water security Health Price rise and reduced
accessibility housing, water-sanitation, energy services,
Increasing disasters Vulnerable land, society,
economy Climate Change
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
Impacts on human and eco-system well-being
Excessive mining – changes in hydrological systems
Deforestation - desertification Air and water quality and human health
Responses Needed
Low carbon pathways for development Resource efficiencies Resource shifts/
alternative materials
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
STATEIMPACT
RESPONSE
Responses Needed
Examples of Current Good Practice
Materials and technology Delivery systems – supply systems Skills and capacity building Standards, norms, regulations Market development and demand
creation Financing and fiscal measures Policies and guidelines
Priority Area – Cleaner Production - Greener Materials
Low in embodied energy Low in resource footprints Cleaner production
processes Contribute to thermal
comfort Recyclable / Reusable –
low life cycle costs
Opportunities for Green Materials
Recycled and alternate building materials saves 12 to 40 % of the total energy used during materials production
Adoption of energy efficient brick production measures can contribute to savings of 100 million tonnes of CO2e/year by 2020.
100 million USD market opportunity for green materials and products (CII)
Current Best Practice - Materials Cement - Blended cements – cost benefit and
business sustainability by reducing mining of raw limestone
Current practices routinely replace up to 30% or more of the Portland cement with blended materials. In India, the share of blended cement now accounts for 75% of all production.
Industrial wastes – Fly-ash, stone dust Manufactured sand – ban on mining and river
dredging coupled with a huge demand
Current Best Practice - Technology
Bricks - Low carbon alternatives like better firing practices (VSBK, HHK), Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks, Aerated Blocks and Fly Ash bricks.
Prefabricated building products for roofing, door-frames using Cleaner Production Systems
Low Water sanitation systems Water recycling and treatment
systems Passive design techniques
Current Best Practice – Policy Measures
Mandatory use of Fly-Ash in all buildings 100 kms from source of ash
Part-Limestone replacement by Fly-Ash in cement
Banning of moveable chimney brick kilns and sand mining and soil extraction in some sates
Market linked fossil fuels price Energy Conservation Building Energy
Codes
Mainstreaming Alternatives – A Case of Fly-Ash
Fly-ash bricks – Public policy Technology solution Equipment providers Competitive pricing Appropriate scales of
production that range from micro to medium and off-site and on-site systems
Thrust Areas
Technical Knowledge &
Skill
Business and Finance
Policy & Regulation
Imperatives for mainstreaming Policy environment
Mandatory public procurement guidelines to include green materials
Fiscal incentives and priority financing for SMEs to facilitate setting up green building material production facilities
Clean technology (pollution) norms for all material production systems increasing competitive value for cleaner production
Imperatives for mainstreaming Technical supports and
services Training of contractors,
artisans and engineers Certification of skills for
green construction Standard specifications,
construction details, best practice benchmarks and eco-mark for building materials
Imperatives for mainstreaming Business
Environment Land and infrastructure
supports for SMEs Aggregation services
that enable developers to access green materials at scale
Industry partnerships and investments for Green Material production and delivery
Gaps – what the elected legislators must do
Recognize that the socio-economic development of your electorate depends on a robust and healthy eco-system.
Ask for / demand your ministries and science-policy research institutes to provide environmental cost-benefits of development strategies and plans – short medium and long term
Raise the issue of long term development based on sound environmental knowledge in public and parliamentary debates
Promote greener / low carbon development options in your constituencies – show by example
Track the development progress in your constituency through an environmental lens
Thank You for your patience.
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