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APA Citation Tutorial
Part II: Creating Citations
By the end of Part II, you will be able to
• Access and use APA style guides• List the elements required to create citations
for the six most frequently used research resources
• Construct correct citations for the six most frequently used research resources
In Part I, we discussed the six most frequently used research resources: journal articles, books, book chapters, websites, government documents, and reference works.
Each of these types of resources has its own citation format. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association gives you the guidelines for creating each of these different types of citations.
APA Publication Manual
The official Publication Manual is nearly 300 pages long, and gives specific details about how to cite nearly every kind of resource that exists.
It organizes this information by resource type, so identifying the type of resource that you want to cite is the first step. Again, we discussed identifying resources in Part I.
APA Publication Manual Table of Contents
Other APA Guides
While the official Publication Manual is the best option for finding and using guidelines for creating citations, you may not always have access to the ~300 page book.
There are many excellent guides online. We recommend the Purdue Online Writing Lab guide, which is linked in the box on the right side of this page. You can also access it here:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
Citation Formats
Regardless of the guide that you choose to use, the information that you find should be the same.
We will now explore the different formats for citing different types of research resources.
Journal Articles
Journal article citations require the following elements:
• Author(s)• Publication year• Article title• Journal title• Volume and issue of journal issue• Page numbers of journal article• DOI (digital object identifier), if available
Journal ArticlesJournal title
Article title
Volume, issue, year, and page numbers
Authors
There is no DOI for this example
Journal Articles
The elements for a journal article citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this journal article citation? Hint: there are two problems.
Harlow, Henry. Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal
articles. (1983) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Test Yourself!
The problems are:1. Only the author’s initials are used, rather than the
first and middle names2. The publication year should immediately follow the
author
The citation should look like this: Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Journal Articles: One More Thing
You may have noticed that the citation that we just looked at didn’t include either a DOI (for electronic articles) or an issue number.
Not all articles will have a DOI or even an issue number. If the article doesn’t include these elements, then you will not include them in your citation.
Books
Book citations require the following elements:
• Author(s)• Publication year• Book title• Publisher location• Publisher
Books
Book title
Author
Publisher
Location and publication year
Books
The elements for a book citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book citation? Hint: there are two problems. Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA Guide
to Preparing Manuscripts for Journal Publication. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.
Test Yourself
The problems are:1. Only the first word (or proper nouns) in the book title
should be capitalized2. The publication location should precede the publisher
The citation should look like this:Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Book Chapters
Book chapter citations require the following elements:
• Chapter author(s)• Publication year• Chapter title• Book editor(s)• Book title• Page range of chapter• Publisher location• Publisher
Book ChaptersBook titleBook editor
Publisher (and location)Publication year
Chapter title
Chapter authorsPage number(s)
Book Chapters
The elements for a book chapter citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor
& B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of
chapter). Location: Publisher.
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book chapter citation? Hint: there are two problems.
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and Women's Gender Role Journeys: A Metaphor
for Healing, Transition, and Transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle. New York, NY:
Springer.
Test Yourself!
The problems are:1. The page numbers of the chapter are missing2. Only the first word (and any proper nouns) need to be
capitalized in the chapter title
The citation should look like:O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.
Websites
The following elements are required for a website citation:
• Author(s)• Publication date (year, month date)• Article title• Website title• Web address
WebsitesURL
Website title
Webpage/article title
AuthorPublication date
Websites
The elements in a website citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, month date of publication). Article title. Website Title. Retrieved from http://Web address
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book chapter citation? Hint: there are two problems.
Brett Jones. The MUSIC model of academic motivation. Educational Psychology at Virginia Tech Website. Retrieved from http://www.ep.soe.vt.edu/ms/
Test Yourself!
The problems are:1. The date is missing (and in this case, only the year is
available, rather than the year, month, and date)2. The author’s name should appear as last name, first initial,
rather than the full named spelled out
The citation should look like:Jones, B. (2013). The MUSIC model of academic motivation.
Educational Psychology at Virginia Tech Website. Retrieved from http://www.ep.soe.vt.edu/ms/
Government Documents
The following elements are required for a government document citation:
• Author(s) OR government agency/organization name• Government agency• Publication year• Publication title• Publication report number (if available)• Publication location• Publisher
Government DocumentsPublisher (all GPO publications have Washington, DC as their location)
Publication date
Report number
Government agencyReport title
Government Documents
The elements in a government document citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. OR Government Name. Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Report No. xxx
[if available]). Publication Location: Publisher.
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this government document citation? Hint: there are two problems.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Satellite Television Act of 1999: Report of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 303, together with minority views.
Test Yourself!The problems are:1. The year of publication is missing2. The publisher and publication location are missing. Most
government documents will be published by the Government Printing Office, but you still must include this in your citations.
The citation should look like:United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. (1999). Satellite Television Act of 1999: Report of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 303, together with minority views. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
Reference Works
The following elements are required for a reference work citation:
• Reference work entry author(s)• Publication year• Reference work entry (article) title• Reference work title• Page range of reference work entry (if print)• Publication location• Publisher• URL (if electronic)
Reference Works
Author
Entry/article title
Reference work title
Publication year and publisher
URL
Reference Works
The elements in a reference work citation are put together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year Published).
Article title. In Reference Work Title. (pp. page
(s)). Publication Location: Publisher.
Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this government document citation? Hint: there are two problems.
McGhee, K., & McKay, G. (2007). Insects. In Encyclopedia of animals. (pp. 170-171). Washington, DC.
Test Yourself!
The problems are:1. All of the words in the reference work title
should be capitalized, not just the first word2. The publisher is missing
The citation should look like:McGhee, K., & McKay, G. (2007). Insects. In Encyclopedia of Animals. (pp. 170-171). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
Now that we’ve discussed the unique characteristics of each type of citation that you are likely going to need to construct, it is time to test your understanding a bit more.
Click on the link abovein order to complete the activity (Activity 2) for this section, and to get a sense of how well you understand and are able construct different types of citations.
When you are finished, continue on to Part III: Creating Bibliographies
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