Personal Informatics and HCI, Ian Li, June 2010

Ian Li Personal Informatics & HCI June 2010

Personal Informatics & HCI

Ian Li HCI Institute Carnegie Mellon University

Gnothi seauton.

Know thyself.

Ian Li Personal Informatics & HCI June 2010 4

Personal Informatics A class of systems that help people collect and reflect on their behavior to gain self-knowledge

Physical Activity

Finance

Health

Electricity

Diabetes

http://personalinformatics.org/tools

HCI can help with the design of personal informatics systems.

Human-Computer Interaction The study of interaction between people and computers

Intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, and design

Why HCI? Personal informatics systems must provide users with different kinds of support. •  Make daily usage easier and facilitate use

over a long period of time. •  Organize the data. •  Help users understand the data. •  Help users act on new knowledge.

Alice •  20 years old •  Family history of heart

disease •  Wants to be more active,

but doesnʼt know how because sheʼs busy

1. Alice prepares.

2. Alice collects data.

Mon 1573 Tue 4392 Wed 4537 Thu 5842 Fri 10258 Sat 7528 Sun 1368 Mon 1497 Tue 1837

3. Alice transcribes data.

M T W Th F Sa Su M T

Transcribe to Excel

4. Alice reflects on the data.

Active

Inactive Inactive

5. Alice takes action.

Walk in the park instead of

watching TV

COLLECTION REFLECTIONPREPARATION INTEGRATION ACTION

Collection The stage when people collect information about themselves (e.g., inner thoughts, behavior, social interactions, and their immediate environment).

Collection Barriers •  Using the tool •  Remembering •  Lack of time •  Motivation •  Finding data •  Accuracy

One problem is:“Keeping up the motivation to do so; like finding payback for the investment of time and effort.”

Reflection The stage when people reflect on their personal information. •  Users may reflect immediately (short-term) •  Or after several days or weeks (long-term)

Reflection Barriers •  Lack of time •  Self-criticism •  Visualization •  Interpretation •  Sparse data •  No context

“Itʼs hard to get a holistic view of the data since the time filters are at most one month and Iʼd like to look at several months at once.”

Properties of the Stages 1.  Barriers cascade 2.  Stages are iterative 3.  User- vs. System-driven 4.  Facets

3. User- vs. System-driven

User-driven System-driven

Collection

Integration

Reflection

Mon 1573 Tue 4392 Wed 4537 Thu 5842 Fri 10258 Sat 7528 Sun 1368 Mon 1497 Tue 1837

Collection

Integration

Reflection

3. User- vs. System-driven Design Guideline Consider the tradeoffs between user-driven and system-driven stages.

Introduction

Model of Personal Informatics

Collection vs. Reflection

Maintaining Compliance

Increase Use by Sharing

Easing Data Integration

Other Projects

IMPACT Different from most personal informatics systems for physical activity:

•  Collects physical activity information and context (e.g., type of activity, location, people)

•  Visualizations to help users become awareof factors in their lives that affect their physical activity.

Two prototypes – Two studies IMPACT 1.0 Manual collection

IMPACT 2.0 Semi-automated collection

IMPACT 1.0

Awareness of opportunities “It turns out I get the most walking done to and from work…and walking around my neighborhood for an hour or two made a difference.” P35

IMPACT 2.0

No difference Compared to other systems: •  No visualizations •  Steps-only visualizations

Long-term value Six months later, users who collected contextual information reflected on their data better.

Short-term Reflection

Long-term Reflection

IMPACT 1.0 Manual Collection

GOOD NOT GOOD

IMPACT 2.0 Automated Collection

NOT GOOD GOOD

Introduction

Other Projects

Barriers Example Quote

Tool (13/67) “not having ready access to a computer at the time symptoms happen” P6

Memory (12/67)

“Forgetting to record it. Because I am often not at my personal computer.” P57

Lack of time (11/67)

“not difficult, time consuming at times.” P16

Finding data (7/67)

“Sometimes life isnʼt interesting enough to make me want to write it down, other times I canʼt find any worthy writing material.” P54

Accuracy (6/67)

“Guestimating mass of food matching homemade or restaurant foods against database entries” P5

Motivation (5/67)

“keeping up the motivation to do so, finding payback for the investment of time and effort.” P4

Experience Sampling Collect self-reports from users •  3 questions per self-report •  10 self-reports per day •  28 days •  840 pieces of information from user

Experience Sampling

Experience Sampling+Feedback

Increased compliance by 23%

Maintained compliance

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

Control A+I A+M

Personal Insights “When I was doing something productive my mood was not high. My mood was highest when I was playing games.”

“Apparently, I am least productive with work (Word, Excel) at night when I use AIM. I never use AIM in the morning, thus much more productive with work.”

Introduction

Other Projects

System Issues Value of self-reflection is not immediate

Low participation by users

System Issues Value of self-reflection is not immediate Use sharing as initial motivation Low participation by users Sharing increases participation

http://moodjam.org

Introduction

Other Projects

Barriers Example Quote

Tool (13/67) “not having ready access to a computer at the time symptoms happen” P6

Memory (12/67)

“Forgetting to record it. Because I am often not at my personal computer.” P57

Lack of time (11/67)

“not difficult, time consuming at times.” P16

Finding data (7/67)

“Sometimes life isnʼt interesting enough to make me want to write it down, other times I canʼt find any worthy writing material.” P54

Accuracy (6/67)

“Guestimating mass of food matching homemade or restaurant foods against database entries” P5

Motivation (5/67)

“keeping up the motivation to do so, finding payback for the investment of time and effort.” P4

System Issues Access to collection tool

Lack of integration of data sources

Most tools collect only one type of data

Grafitter Access to collection tool Support multiple social media Lack of integration of data sources Cull data automatically Most tools collect only one type of data Flexible and easy-to-enter format

Supports multiple social media Twitter Delicious Instant Messenger Blogger

Flexible and easy-to-enter Extension of Twitter hashtags #mood(happy) Just had ice cream. A long day #work(11) and itʼs not over. Lunch with friends #lunch(amy, bob)

http://grafitter.com

Grafitter Up since February 2009 Continuing development •  Support privacy •  Additional visualizations •  Multi-faceted reflection

Introduction

Other Projects

http://ianli.com/dd/

http://tinyurl.com/actionshot/

Be Like Ben

http://belikeben.com

http://ianli.com/tlc/

Thank you! ianli@cmu.edu

http://ianli.com http://personalinformatics.org http://personalinformatics.org/lab/model/

Funded by

Personal Informatics and HCI, Ian Li, June 2010

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