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1© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
© Ricardo Inc. 2015
Roadmap to autonomous drivingAV Levels and Their Impact on Powertrains of the Future
Ali MalekiVice President, Business DevelopmentConnected and Autonomous Vehicles
May 21, 2015
2© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Agenda
• Integration into more powerful controllers• New software-based model
• Today’s Levels of Automation• SAE / NHTSA Levels Definitions• Drive Cycle Complexity • Requisite Technologies
• Roadmap Timeline Models• Conventional Vehicles Timeline• Shared Mobility, (Personal-Public
Transportation) Timeline• Combined effects
Autonomous Driving
Overview
Autonomous Driving
Roadmaps
Powertrain Controls and
Electronics
for Autonomous Vehicle
Roadmaps
3© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
100 YEARS OF INNOVATION
Ricardo is a global leader in consulting, design and engineering for a broad range of products in multiple industries. Ricardo is one of the world's most highly respected and experienced engine, transmission, driveline, hybrid-electric, connected and autonomous systems engineering teams.
4© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Background Terminology*
• Dynamic driving task: – Operational: Steering, braking,
accelerating, monitoring the vehicle and roadway
– Tactical: Responding to events, determining when to change lanes, turn, use signals, etc.
• Driving mode: driving scenario characterizing the dynamic driving task requirements; e.g., expressway merging, high speed cruising, low speed traffic jam, closed-campus operations, etc.
• Request to intervene: notification by the automated driving system to a human driver that s/he should promptly begin or resume performance of the dynamic driving task
* SAE J3016
5© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
• Adaptive Cruise Control
• Collision Warning System
• Lane Departure Warning
• Lane Keeping Assist• Blind Spot Monitor
• Park Assist• Navigation Systems• Traffic Sign
Recognition• Adaptive High Beams• Hill climb assist
Current Vehicle ‘Smart’ Systems
Today’s levels of Automation
• Automatic Transmission• Cruise Control• Passive Safety Systems• ABS + Stability Systems• Electric Power Steering• Electronic Throttle Control• Electronic Engine Controls
Manual Driving Assisted
6© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
NHSTA Driving Automation Definitions
• The driver is in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle controls – brake, steering, throttle, and motive power – at all times
• One or more specific control functions; e.g. electronic stability control or pre-charged brakes
• Two or more functions designed to work in unison; e.g. Adaptive Cruise Control in combination with Lane Centering
• Driver able to cede full control of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or environmental conditions, where changes in those conditions require transition back to driver control
No-Automation (Level 0)
Function-specific Automation
(Level 1)
Combined Function Automation
(Level 2):
• All driving functions performed by system. The driver only provides destination or navigation input
Limited Self-Driving Automation
(Level 3)
Full Self-Driving Automation
(Level 4)
7© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
SAE J3016 (Jan 2014) Driving Automation Definitions
Human driver
monitors the driving
environment
Automated driving system
(“system”) monitors the
driving environment
8© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
NHTSA and SAE Levels of Automation
SAE
Level 5
Level 1 Level 3 Level 4Level 2
ACC
ESC
ACCLKA
Self Location
IMG AI
DLNN
V2X
NHTSA Level 4
Function-specific Automation
Combined Function Automation
Limited Self-Driving Automation
Driver Assistance Partial Automation Conditional Automation
Full Self-Driving Automation Full Automation
High Automation
9© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Autonomous Driving Algorithms
95% of driving tasks may be codified w/ conventional algorithms (filter, control loops, DSP techniques)
based on standard programming languages…
…the 5% exceptions need heuristic algorithms
10© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Dynamic Driving Complexity and Mode
Semi-Automated Fully-AutomatedHighly Automated
ACC / LKA
ETC, EBS, EPS
ADAS
Traffic Jam Assist
Lane change
Backup aide
Intersection Assist
Pedestrian, side object
Traffic sign detection
V2X
Highs-peed Freeway UrbanLow-speed Freeway
2010 20252015 2020
Dynamic Driving Complexity and ModeLow High
L4L2 L3
Codified/Scripted Deep Learning Machines, AI
11© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Long Range Forward Looking Radar (LFLR)
ECU
LRFLR
• Range: 150-250 Meters
• Frequency 76-77 GHz
12© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Short Range Side Radar
ECU
SR
SR
SR
SR
• Range: 30-70 Meters
• Frequency 24 GHz
13© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
360° Camera view
GPU / ASIC
RC
AM
LCA
M
FCAM
BCAM
14© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
360° LIDAR View
ECU
RLID
R
LLID
R
FLIDR
BLIDR
• Range: 150-200 Meters
• IR Laser (905 nm)
15© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Inertial Motion Unit (Rate and Acceleration Sensors)
ECU
IMU
• Rate Sensors: Yaw, Roll, Pitch
• Accelerometers: x, y, z
• Interface: Analog, Digital
16© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Connected Car: V2V / V2I + Cloud Data Aggregation
x, y, z,
v, dv/dt …
x, y, z, v, dv/dt …
x, y, z,
v, dv/dt …
Motion Controller
DSRC
x, y, z, v, dv/dt …
LTE
17© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Sensor Fusion
GPU / DSP
LRFLR
CAM
LIDR
V2X
SRSR
18© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Content
Self Localization
ECU
IMU
Sensor Fusion
GP
S
19© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Motion Control
Content
Motion Control: Performing Operational and Tactical Dynamic Tasks
Sensor Fusion Self Localization
Situational Assessment
Path planningLane change, speed, turn
Perception
Actuation
20© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
t0 t2 t4t1 t3
Model to Build the Technology Rollout Roadmap Timeline
Components
Technology Bits
Subsystem
System
Components
Technology Bits
Subsystem
Components
Technology Bits
Components Technology Bits
Subsystem
System
Subsystem
21© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Level 3 Driving (Conditional-automation) Roadmap
Radar, Lidar
SiGe, GaAs
ACC
Level 2 AD
DigitalCamera
ASIC / FPGA
LDW
MEMS IMU
2000 2020 20402010
GPU
V2X
2030
Level 3 AD
LKA
EPS
Hi-Res Maps
ASIL C & DControllers
DSRC
Hi-Res Radars/Lidars
Level 4 AD
3G/4G
22© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 20500%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Conventional Automated Vehicles’ Adoption Roadmap
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 …
Conventional Vehicles
High-End
Mid-Class
Low-End
Flying cars!
L2
L2
L2
L3
L3
L3
L4
L4
L4
L2 L3 L4L1
23© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Shared-Mobility / Public-Personal Transportation Roadmap
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 …
Shared Mobility Vehicles
Limited Driving Modes
All-Modes L4L3
L3 L4
Parking/Charging
Industry
Materials Recycle
Long Distance Transport
Urban Hubs
Remote Charging
Solar
So
la
r
Solar
Platooning
Cloud Processing
Commuter Rapid Transit
High Speed Intercity Transit
Urban
Inner City
Business
Intercity
Flying cars!
24© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Shared Mobility AV Disruption
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 20500%
25%
50%
75%
100%
L2
L3L4
L4L3
Conventional Vehicles
Shared Mobility Vehicles
Low-End
High-End
2010 2020 2030 2040
Mid-ClassL1
Fewer & fewer total number of vehicles.
25© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Performance in the Context of Fully Automated Vehicles
The “Ultimate Passenger Experience” becomes the key attribute
If “the Ultimate Driving Machine” is self-driven
Standardization and commoditization of Powertrains’ performance such tip-in response,
acceleration and ride and handling
Differentiation on
Fuel efficiency, reliability and functional safety, HMI, connectivity, ride and comfort, NVH, Integration with wearables
Driver health monitoring, mobile office features
26© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Library of smart sensors/actuators/local Controllers
Scalable, Standardized and Modular Architectures
Highly-integratedelectronics
IntegratedPCM
IntegratedVCM
High-speed redundant network
27© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Today: Numerous Controllers, Grouped on Subnets
Brakes
Steering eMotors
BMS
Inverters
ECM
TCM
HVAC
ESC
AdaptiveLighting Seats
Mirrors
Driver Controls
Instruments
Multimedia
Telematic Navigation
RESS
ABS
LKA
ACC
Park Assist
LDW
EmergencyBraking
Traffic JamAssist
Highway Autopilot
Blindspot
RearCamera
RadarsLidars
FrontCamera
SideCameras
DSRC
IMU
ADAS Sensors
Airbags
Impact Sensors
Occupant Classification
Seat Belts
Passive Safety Systems
28© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Body InfotainmentControllerIntegrated Vehicle
Control Module (iVCU)
Integrated Powertrian Control Module (iPCM)
Today: Numerous Controllers, Grouped on Subnets
Brakes
Steering eMotors
BMS
Inverters
ECM
TCM
HVAC
ESC
AdaptiveLighting Seats
Mirrors
Driver Controls
Instruments
Multimedia
Telematic Navigation
RESS
ABS
LKA
ACC
Park Assist
LDW
EmergencyBraking
Traffic JamAssist
Highway Autopilot
Blindspot
RearCamera
RadarsLidars
FrontCamera
SideCameras
DSRC
IMU
ADAS Sensors
Airbags
Impact Sensors
Occupant Classification
Seat Belts
Passive Safety Systems
29© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Application Framework
iVCU BOM
Software Plug-in Environment
HVAC Controls
Transmission Control
Starter/Alternator
Control Unit
Electronic Throttle Control
Energy StorageManagement
Electric Power Steering
ABS / StabilityControl
Body Controls
Package ConfigOTA Mgmt
Parameter MgmtSafety & Security
Mgmt
Logging, Diagnostics,Prognostics
OS, BSP, Drivers
ASIL D Hardware
• Provide environment to drop in ‘apps’ for various vehicle functions• Isolate the overall package management functional safety from individual apps
30© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Other Hot Topics
The Locomotive Act of 1865
(Red Flag Act)
Self-propelled vehicles shall be accompanied by a crew of three; and if the vehicle is attached to two or more vehicles an additional person is to accompany the vehicles, and a man with a red flag walking at least 60 yards ahead of each vehicle, who is also required assist with the passage of horses and carriages. The vehicle is required to stop at the signal of the flagbearer
Speed limit shall be 4 mph (2 mph in towns) We have been there before and we will resolve this
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs
31© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Other Hot Topics
We have managed safety and security critical systems to a high degree of success
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs
• Safety and security
32© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs
• Safety and security
• Transition from manual to autonomous vehicles
Other Hot Topics
We have done this before too.
33© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs
• Safety and security
• Transitionary period from manual to autonomous vehicles
• Energy storage and refueling / recharging
Other Hot Topics
Opportunities to develop infrastructure to provide robotic refueling / plugging or inductive charging
34© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
• Legal, warranty and insurance
• Roadway infrastructure needs
• Safety and security
• Transitionary period from manual to autonomous vehicles
• Energy storage and refueling / recharging
• Robot takeover
Other Hot Topics
“I don't think we have to worry about autonomous cars, because that's sort of a
narrow form of AI, and not something I think is very difficult to do actually—to do autonomous driving to the degree that's much safer than a
person is much easier than people think.”
Elon Musk at the GTC March 2015
35© Ricardo Inc. 2015 May 2015Unclassified - Public Domain
Conclusion
• Mega-cities population growth
• Increased need for on-demand mobility
• Millennials and post-millennials are not that into cars lol yolo
• Increased demand for safety and energy efficiency
• AV will have a significant positive impact on the lives of the elderly and disabled
• Gain in individual productivity while not driving
• Technology readiness
• U.S. auto sales may drop about 40 percent in the next 25 years
• The low and mid range conventional vehicles may disappear
• The largest contribution to the value chain will come from advanced electronics and algorithms
Why AVs are coming
Sea change in our industry
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