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“Enhancing Water Productivity in Rice through Enhancing Water Productivity in Rice through Different Methods of Rice CultivationDifferent Methods of Rice Cultivation”
Shantappa Duttarganvi
Doctoral Research Fellow
WALAMTARI
Shantappa Duttarganvi
Doctoral Research Fellow
WALAMTARI
Introduction
Traditional/ low land rice
SRI method
Aerobic Rice
Alternate wetting and Drying
Direct seeded rice
Conclusion
Cultivate more land with less water
Introduction
• >3 billion people in Asia & 1.5 billion people in Africa and Latin America•37% area (154 Mha) is rainfed--scope to increase productivity
To meet future food requirements, India need to increase rice productivity by 3 % per annum
(Thiyagarajan and Selvaraju, 2001)
To produce 1 kg of grain, farmers have to supply 2-3 times more water in rice fields than other cereals
(Baker et al., 1998)
80% of the freshwater resources are used for irrigation purpose half of which is used for rice production
(Dawe et al., 1998)
“Despite the constraints of water scarcity, rice production must rise dramatically over the next generation to meet the food needs “
(Serageldin, 2011)
To meet future food requirements, India need to increase rice productivity by 3 % per annum
(Thiyagarajan and Selvaraju, 2001)
To produce 1 kg of grain, farmers have to supply 2-3 times more water in rice fields than other cereals
(Baker et al., 1998)
80% of the freshwater resources are used for irrigation purpose half of which is used for rice production
(Dawe et al., 1998)
“Despite the constraints of water scarcity, rice production must rise dramatically over the next generation to meet the food needs “
(Serageldin, 2011)
DES, 2009DES, 2009
Bouman, 2001
Components of water balance in rice fields
Components of water balance in rice fields
Selection of a good genotype
Method of planting
Weed management
Selection of a good genotype
Method of planting
Weed management
Irrigation method and land levelling
Seed priming
Silicon nutrition
Irrigation method and land levelling
Seed priming
Silicon nutrition
Low land rice High water requirement
3000–5000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of rice
Environmental degradation Reduces fertilizer use efficiency Destruction of soil aggregates Anaerobic fermentation of soil
organic matter: Methane emission
Ways to improve WUE in conventional Ways to improve WUE in conventional systemsystem
Crack/rat hole ploughing Bund lining or reparing breached bunds Conoweeding Line sowing Saturated condition Proper land leveling and puddling Transplanting young seedlings
• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%
• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%
• Aerobic rice: 40-50%
• Direct seeded rice: 75%
• Ground cover rice production system: 50-60%
• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%
• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%
• Aerobic rice: 40-50%
• Direct seeded rice: 75%
• Ground cover rice production system: 50-60%
SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) METHOD
• SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie
• Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003
Core principles of SRI< seed- one seed revolution< water- Rice is not an aquatic plant8-12 day old seedlings Mechanical weedingSquare plantingOrganic source of nutrients
“SRI cuts the water required for irrigated rice by 25-50%. The
combination of water reduction together with other SRI practices can increase paddy yields by 50-100%”
Norman Uphoff
• 8-12 days old seedlings
• The fields are alternately kept wet and dry; they are not flooded until the panicle initiation stage
• 1-3 cm of water in the field during the reproductive phase
• Mechanical weeding 10 DAT
• 8-12 days old seedlings
• The fields are alternately kept wet and dry; they are not flooded until the panicle initiation stage
• 1-3 cm of water in the field during the reproductive phase
• Mechanical weeding 10 DAT
8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Careful uprooting & transplanting Wider spacing(25X25cm)
Weeding with weeder Saturation of the field Use of Organics
Mahendrakumar et al. (2008)
Mechanical weeding
Transplanted SRI field
• Rice seedlings lose much of their growth potential if they are transplanted more than about 15 days after they emerge in their nursery
• Wide spacing of plants will lead to greater root growth and accompanying tillering
In SRI method, young seedlings are placed at shallow depth and therefore these seedlings establish quickly. Whereas in the conventional method 25-30 day old seedlings are pulled from nursery and pushed deep into the puddled soil and during the process the tips of roots face upward and hence these require more time and energy to establish in the soil
Norman Uphoff, 2005
Mahendrakumar et al. (2008)DRR Technical Bulletin
Country Yield Increase over conventional
Philippines 100%
India 83%Nepal 82% Indonesia 78% Cambodia 41% china 29%
Vietnam 21%
FAO, 2007
MORE TILLERS AND > 400 GRAINS PER PANICLE
conventional practice v/s SRI methodsConventional Practices
• 25-30 days seedlings
• Multiple seedlings
• Large plant population
• Paddies kept flooded throughout the growing cycle
• Weeds are controlled by flooding, hand weeding and herbicides
SRI Methods
• 8-12 days old seedlings
• Single seedling
• Sparse plant population
• Soil aeration with AWD
• Weeds are controlled with a rotary weeder
Comparison of dry matter in SRI v/s Conventionally grown rice at different stages crop cycle
Tao (2004)
Mahendrakumar et al. (2008)Mahendrakumar et al. (2008)
Water productivity as influenced by SRI v/s normal (flooded rice)
Water use decreased by 29% (SRI 79 Cum)Water productivity increased by 20%
Viraktamath, 2007 Viraktamath, 2007
Grain yield increase by 10% in SRI
Gujja and Thiyagarajan, 2010Gujja and Thiyagarajan, 2010
37.5 % 34.2 %
Impact of crop establishment techniques on grain yield and water productivity of rice
Evaluation of methods of cultivation and spacing on seed yield and seed quality parameters in BPT-5204
Krishna et al. (2008)Dharwad
Marimuthu et al. (2011)Marimuthu et al. (2011)
COST OF CULTIVATION (RS/ACRE): CONVENTIONAL V/S SRI METHOD
Note : Price of paddy - Rs.5,600/tPrice of straw - Rs. 800/t Mahendrakumar et al. (2008)
Saving of 30 – 40% irrigation water
Saving of 85 % seed (2 kg / acre as against 25-30
kg/ acre in normal method)
Saving of chemical inputs
More healthy and tasty rice due to organic farming
practices
Better and higher yields with lower inputs
Crop duration reduced by 7-10 days due to
absence of transplanting shock
BenefitsBenefits
Increased mycorrhizal association Increased rhizobial association Prolonged root activity Higher water productivity Long root development Labour cost Reduced nitrogen lossBiofertilizers saves 20-30kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizers
Particulars Seasonal water requirement (mm)
Lowland rice Aerobic rice
Land preparation 150-300 100
Evaporation 200 100
Transpiration 400 400
Seepage and percolation
500 335
Application loss 400 335
Total seasonal water requirement (mm)
1650 935
Lampayan and Bouman, 2005
Water input and yield of aerobic rice varieties Water input and yield of aerobic rice varieties under flooded and aerobic conditionsunder flooded and aerobic conditions
year Water management
Water input
Yield (t ha-1)
I IR HD502 HD297
2001 Flooded 1057 1351 6.8 5.4
Aerobic 350 644 5.3 4.7
2002 Flooded 900 1255 5.7 5.3
Aerobic 522 917 4.6 5.3
Bouman et al. (2007)
Direct-seeded rice save about 75 per cent of water along with about 10 percent loss of yield
Johl, 2009
• AWD is also called ‘intermittent irrigation’ or ‘controlled irrigation’
• Alternate flooding
• Compared with the traditional continuous flooding system, AWD using lowland rice cultivars can reduce water input by 15-30% without yield loss
Field water tube from PVC Note the holes on all sides
A Field tube underFlooded conditions
Water at 15 cm depth:Time to irrigate and flood the field again
KEY POINTS OF AWD
Transplant young seedlings into puddled soil Install a PVC pipe with holes Start AWD at 10 DAT and allow the field to
dry out Re-flood the field to a standing water layer of
5 cm when the groundwater is 15-20 cm below the soil surface
Keep a standing water layer of 5 cm for 1 week at flowering
Continue AWD cycles after flowering until harvest
Scope for 10, 20, 25 and 30 cm with different genotypes and different location
Water use efficiency under different irrigation treatments
Treatments
Total water use (cm)
Average total water used (cm)
Water use efficiency (kg/ha/cm)BRRIdha
n 28BRRIdhan 29
T1 112.20 122.20 117.2 58.53
T2 (10 cm)
92.20 97.20 94.7 69.48
T3 (20cm) 87.20 92.20 89.7 69.89
T4 (30cm) 82.20 87.20 84.7 69.19
Treatment details:
T1: continuous submergence (1 to 7 cm standing water)
T2, T3, T4: application of 5 cm irrigation water when water level in the pipe fell 10, 2020 and 30 cm below the G.L., respectively.
Oliver et al., 2008
Geethalakshmi et al. (2008)
Ground cover rice production systemSoil is constantly kept very
moist, but not flooded
Mulch- drying out and
developing deep cracks
Plastic sheet or pre-composted
straw
Checks the ET
Adds OM to soil
Burkhard et al., 2005
Drip irrigation
• 25,000/acre• 15 years life span• 4.78• 80% water reduction and 10% increase
in yield
Benefits:• Increase in WUE• Reduce the agrochemical application
by fertigation or chemigation• Eliminates anaerobic decomposition• Quality water can be delivered
Texas, Netafim
..\Res\Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)--using less water to grow rice - YouTube.mp4
Future line of work
• Awareness about rice is not aquatic plant
• Standardization of AWD
• Weed management in aerobic and AWD
• Scope for sprinkler and drip irrigation
Average yields, Water balance and water use efficiency
Lin et al. (2003)
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