BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1

BLD 60303

TEH SIN YING (WINTER) 0320509TEO VI VIEN 0321645

TAN WUI XIANG 0321128RACHEAL CHEONG 0319926

YONG MAN KIT 0319778TAN YIK TING 0325043

TEO KOK CHEIN 0320195YEN WEI ZHENG 0320266

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05.305.2

05.10403

02INTRODUCTION TO SITEPage 3-7Yen Wei Zheng

SITE SAFETYPage 8-18 Tan Wui Xiang

EXTERNAL WORKPage 19-30Rachael Cheong

FOUNDATIONPage 31-49Teo Vi Vien

SUPERSTRUCTURE:SLABPage 67-83Tan Yik Ting

SUPERSTRUCTURE:WALLPage 84-95Teh Sin Ying (Winter)

0807

05.4SUPERSTRUCTURE:STAIRCASEPage 96-104Yen Wei Zheng

ROOFPage 119-134Teo Kuo Chien

REFERENCEPage 135

SUPERSTRUCTURE:BEAMS AND COLUMNSPage 55-66Teh Sin Ying (Winter)

CONTENTS

06DOORS AND WINDOWSPage 105-118Yong Man Kit 2

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INTRODUCTIONTO SITEYen Wei Zheng 3

SITE A :

INTRODUCTION TO SITE

ECO SANCTUARY

Eco Sanctuary is near to Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, giving you access to a comprehensive range of excellent amenities within a 5 km radius. The township is also well served by Klang Valley’s network of major expressways and arterial roads.

THE MASTERPLAN

Only a short drive from Kuala Lumpur, Eco Sanctuary promises a quick and easy escape. This gated and guarded eco-themed haven offers a rejuvenating environment that is at once modern yet close to nature at its finest. Extensive lifestyle amenities complement visionary conservation practices and green architecture to make green living a blissfully rewarding experience.

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BELLEZA VILLATerrace Villa

24’x85’

HERMOSA VILLATerrace Villa

26’x80’

SITE PLAN

COLLECTIONS

INTRODUCTION TO SITE 5

Eco Sanctuary is a luxury eco themed gated and guarded township development that spans across 308 acres of undulating land in the Klang Valley. The Masterplan inspired by this verdant environment promises a rejuvenating haven that is at once modern yet close to nature at its finest.

PLENITUDE PUCHONG

SITE B :

Plenitude-Taman Putra Prima is a relatively new housing development located in Puchong, Selangor. Houses here are freehold, and are in various stages of completion depending on its phase. It is a development of Plenitude Permai, located deep in Puchong and is rather from the city of Kuala Lumpur at a 40-minute drive. Other places of importance such as Bangsar, Mont Kiara, Petaling Jaya and Klang are all approximately half an hour drive away.

The houses in Taman Putra Prima consist mainly of 2-storey terrace houses, while the outer areas of the development consists of shop houses.

Our site is currently undergoing Aquamarine phase 2C, which mainly focuses on building 3-storey Terrace Hous.e & 2-storey Terrace House.

INTRODUCTION TO SITE 6

KEY PLANLOCATION PLAN

SITE PLAN

INTRODUCTION TO SITE 7

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SITE SAFETY TAN WUI XIANG 8

FIRST AID KITFirst aid kit serves as an equipment for use in giving first aid. First aid kit has different contents that serves different purposes. It is mainly used for minor injuries happen on the site.

Commonly, we can found out that first aid kit and site safety signboard are in green, white and red colour. So, it can be more attracted and alerted.

PRELIMINARY SAFETY SANITATIONSanitation is important to ensure or keep the cleanliness and hygienic of the site. Toilets are separating the male and female to maximise the hygienic. Office or canteen also can be built within the site compound, let the employees to work and eat. It can be permanent or temporarily.

Plastic box Fabric pouch Wall mounted

cabinet

3 main types of first aid kit

Housekeeping: All places of employment will be kept clean and in dry condition. Drainage shall be maintained and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places shall be provided to achieve waterproof function. Working place should free from protruding nails, splinters, loose boards, and unnecessary holes and openings.

Vermin control: Every enclosed workplace shall be equipped and maintained to prevent the entrance of rodents, insects and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program shall be instituted where the presence of vermin are detected.

SITE SAFETY9

ON-SITE

SIGNBOARDThe construction industry is one of the sectors that has most use for a sign board and for which signage is essential during all the stages of their work.During construction, a sign board will give contractors and staff directions, and will provide them with any other relevant information, and well as displaying Health and Safety notifications which are a legal requirement.During the pre-sales phase, when it is most crucial that potential buyers find your site easily, a large, eye-catching sales sign board will make a good first impression, especially if the site is still partly under construction and untidy, and direct them to your sales office.

Prohibition Warning Mandatory Safe Condition

Site safety information

Working in progress

Unauthorised do not enter

Must wear personal safety equipment

Penalty will be given for those workers who do not obey the safety rules.

All the signs that found within the site are colour coded to emphasise different meaning such as requirement, use of equipment and working procedures. This can alert the people surrounding to be aware of hazardous.

SITE SAFETY10

ON-SITE

SCAFFOLDINGScaffold is a simple platform that designed to be temporary so that it can be easily transport from one place to another. The main goal is to support workers and equipment as they work on repairs or construction.

To ensure safety, scaffolds should always be assembled in accordance with the designer's instructions and the manufacturer’s specifications. Generally, any worker doing their work more than 12 feet above ground must hold a training and competency certificate to prove safety and emergency knowledge.

Basic component of scaffolding are tubes, boards and couplers the joint.

Swivel Clamp

Wedge Clamp

Rigid Clamp

Post

Base Plate

1. Tubes as a main component and it is build up to form higher scaffold.

3. Couplers joint the tubes altogether to form rack. The joints are clamp in 3 different way accordingly to ensure its stability.

2. Board as a platform for workers to walk and materials placement.

SITE SAFETY11

ON-SITE

SAFETY NETA safety measurement to avoid workers falling down from high area. The net is covering the corner of the building and the scaffolding. Usually, safety net is used on high rise building that is above 25 feet high. If workers on a construction site are exposed to vertical drops of 6 feet or more, OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration) requires that employers provide fall protection in one of three ways before work begins:

● Placing guardrails around the hazard area.● Install safety nets.● Providing personal fall arrest systems for each employee.

● There should be no gaps between the safety net and the adjacent structure. If unavoidable, gaps of up to 100mm are allowed.

● The net should be fix in certain height or anchor point so that when workers fall into the net, the net will not exceed the maximum deformation limit. The worker will hit the ground if it exceed the limit.

● Anchor points and the supporting structure that the safety nets are fastened to must not have sharp edges that could rub on the tie ropes. The force tension of the net should not exceed 6Kn.

SITE SAFETY12

ON-SITE

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTTo ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment.

HARD HATHard hats are divided into three industrial classes but our site mostly use the class C hard hat:● Class A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection up to 2,200

volts.● Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and

burn protection. They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by falling objects.● Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protection but offer no protection from electrical

hazards.

GLOVES

Gloves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for many types of workplace hazards. In general, gloves fall into four groups, our site workers using the fabric gloves:● Gloves made of leather, canvas or metal mesh● Fabric and coated fabric gloves● Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves● Insulating rubber gloves

Fabric and coated fabric gloves are made of cotton or other fabric to provide varying degrees of protection:● Fabric gloves protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. They do not provide sufficient protection for use

with rough, sharp or heavy materials. Adding a plastic coating will strengthen some fabric gloves.● Coated fabric gloves are normally made from cotton flannel with napping on one side. By coating the unnapped side

with plastic, fabric gloves are transformed into general-purpose hand protection offering slip-resistant qualities. These gloves are used for tasks ranging from handling bricks and wire to chemical laboratory containers. When selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure hazards, always check with the manufacturer or review the manufacturer's product literature to determine the gloves' effectiveness against specific workplace chemicals and conditions.

SITE SAFETY13

ON-SITE

LADDERWooden ladder is most found in construction site and is better in construction site as it is a non-conductor of heat and electricity. It must not be painted because paint can hide the flaws and cracks. It used to be inclined vertically against the wall and access to higher working level.

Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving and hot metal industries. The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards.

SAFETY SHOESExamples of situations in which an employee should wear foot and/or leg protection include:● When heavy objects such as barrels or tools might roll onto or fall on the employee's feet● Working with sharp objects such as nails or spikes that could pierce the soles of ordinary shoes● Exposure to molten metal that might splash on feet or legs● Working on or around hot, wet or slippery surfaces● Working when electrical hazards are present.

Ladders are tools. Many of the basic safety rules that apply to most tools also apply to the safe use of a ladder:● If you feel tired or dizzy, or are prone to losing your balance, stay off the ladder.● Wear clean slip-resistant shoes. Shoes with leather soles are not appropriate for ladder use since they

are not considered sufficiently slip resistant.● Ladders with loose or missing parts must be rejected.● When the ladder is set-up for use, it must be placed on firm level ground and without any type of

slippery condition present at either the base or top support points.● Only one person at a time is permitted on a ladder unless the ladder is specifically designed for more

than one climber.● Ladders must not be placed in front of closed doors that can open toward the ladder. The door must be

blocked open, locked, or guarded.

SITE SAFETY14

ON-SITE

CRAWLER EXCAVATORThe excavator consists of a house, undercarriage, boom, stick and bucket. Excavators are used for digging earth, loading and dumping and trenching. Excavator is the machine that can excavate the soil of various types forcefully and then using hydraulic system a hydraulic force is generated and utilizing this force bucket is pull back towards the machine. Bucket of excavator is replaceable. If front bucket is exchange with some other attachments then excavator can be used for multi-purpose.

1. BOOMThe boom makes motions up and down as well as shifts from the right to the left hand side of the excavator.

2. ENGINETo help in driving the hydraulic pumps of the excavator so that they provide oil at high pressure for slewing the motor and other accessories of the excavator.

3. ARMHelps in imparting strong force on the ground as the machine digs deeper.

4. COUNTERWEIGHTTo balance the whole machine not to fall during digging process, but detach when in transportation process to minimize the weight and chances hitting some of the workers.

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Improvements on the excavator to enhance on its safety• Excavator counterweight removal systemA hydraulic removal system can make it safe to detach counterweight from the excavator. While using the system, ensure that you follow the instructions provided to avoid any form of injury that may arise along the way.• Rear view cameraThe rear view camera will eliminate the need for the operator to turn round in order to see whether it is safe to remove the counterweight or not. This system is very good for the tail swinging design of excavators.

Diagram of parts in excavator

PLANTS AND MACHINERY15

ON-SITE

MOBILE CRANETransporting heavy materials easily from one place to another. This type of crane is mounted on a mobile platform such as a rail or wheeled. It is the most basic type of crane that has a steel truss or telescopic boom that is hinged at the base and using cables or hydraulic cylinders, the boom can be raised or lowered. Most times mounted on vehicles for the convenience of transportation, additional equipment is therefore, not necessary to transport the crane to job sites.

2. THE ROTEX GEARThe Rotex gear affords the crane the ability to rotate its apparatus, enabling it to do its job from awkward standpoints. Hook rollers are also used in some crane applications.

1. BOOMThe boom of a crane is the long, telescopic, or fixed, arm that is used to move objects.

3. COUNTERWEIGHTThe counterweights are stabilizers placed near the cab’s exterior that prevent the crane from becoming unbalanced when lifting heavy loads.

Lifting principles1. Centre of gravity :The location of the center of gravity of a mobile crane

depends primarily on the weight and location of its heaviest components (boom, carrier, upper works and counterweight).

2. Leverage :Cranes use the principle of leverage to lift loads. Rotation of the upper works changes the location of the crane's center of gravity.

3. Stability :The relationship of the load weight, angle of the boom and its radius to the center of gravity of the load.

4. Structural integrity : The crane's main frame are considered part of the structural integrity of lifting. In addition, all wire ropes, including stationary supports help determine lifting capacity and are part of the overall structural integrity of a crane's lifting capacity.1

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PLANTS AND MACHINERY16

ON-SITE

LOADER / BACKHOE LOADERThe backhoe is one of the most commonly seen pieces of construction equipment because of its adaptability. Its cousin, the front-end loader, is also a smaller piece of equipment that has a broad bucket like the one on the front of the backhoe for hauling soil, debris, and materials, and lifting them up into trucks. The key to the power of the backhoe is hydraulic pressure. Hydraulic lines, a reservoir of hydraulic fluid, a pump, and a series of pistons allow the machine's operator to extend its arm and cut through soil with a toothed bucket.

1. LOADERTo carry large amounts of loose material and to smooth things over or to push dirt.

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2. TRACTORTo move easily over rough terrain. It has a turbocharged diesel engine, rugged tires and a cab.

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3. BACKHOETo dig up hard, compact material, usually earth. It can lift the material and drop it beside the hole.

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4. STABILIZER LEGSKeep the tractor steady, minimizing the bustling effect of digging, avoid the tractor to slip into the ditch.

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Create a stable digging platformThe best setup for backhoe work is when the stabilizers are spread to their full width and the loader bucket is in solid contact with the ground. If the tires are carrying the weight of the machine, it will bounce slightly, transmitting vibration to the operator and into the controls. This causes the machine to shake even more. For extra holding power, roll the bucket all the way over and dig in the cutting edge and sill plate.

Diagram of parts in backhoe loader

PLANTS AND MACHINERY17

ON-SITE

MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT (MANITOU)Material handling equipment encompasses a diverse range of tools, vehicles, storage units, appliances and accessories involved in transporting, storing, controlling, enumerating and protecting products at any stage of manufacturing, distribution consumption or disposal.

Diagram of parts in material handling equipment

Diagram of area extend by material handling equipment

3 main function of material handling equipment1. Equipment used to move material from one location to another.2. Equipment used to handle material at a single location so that it

is in the correct position for subsequent handling, machining, transport, or storage.

3. Equipment used for holding or buffering materials over a period of time.

PLANTS AND MACHINERY18

ON-SITE

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EXTERNAL WORKRachael Cheong

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3.0 EXTERNAL WORK External work is the below-grade aspects of site construction also known as the predominant stage where the task is carried out in oder to run the future stages in construction smoothly. External work is the scope for a building project which lies outside a building; the landscaping, drainage, fences and walls. These can have important effects on the construction cost, and the way in which they are done can change the final look of a building site. They can also be crucial to a completed building’s structural stability.

EXTERNAL WORK 20

It is important and essential to provide site welfare as the construction, where construction does not only takes about 30 days. The arrangement of the facilities shall be done properly so that it wouldn’t cause any disturbance or inconvenience to the workers. It shall improve the progress and efficiency of the construction project and ensure the convenience of the construction worker

CONSTRUCTION SITE FACILITIES

LOGISTIC PLAN1.Barbender Yard

2.Carpenter Yard

3.Lavatory

4.Wash through

5.Storage Area

6.Site Office

7.Meeting Room

8.Carpark

9.Schedule Waste Area

BARBENDER YARDA work station for wokers to bend and cut reinforcement bars

SITE OFFICETo set a meeting on site with the building team in oder to save time.

LAVATORYSanitation purpose which allow better essure the construction workers.

STORAGE AREATo store all the construction material to avoid any demage during the construction.

WASHTHROUGTo provide cleanliness of the transportation and machineries before exiting the construction site to a public (non - constrcution area0.)

EXTERNAL WORK 21

ON-SITE

Site clearing serve as a rudimentary basis in preparing the site before construction. Site clearing consists of removing site improvements and vegetation that will not be apart of the new work. This includes removal of trees and other vegetation, clearing and grubbing , topsoil stripping, and removing above and below grade site improvements. Site clearance is important as if not taken properly , plant life and decaying vegetation could cause a compression of topsoil that would effect the foundation.

SITE CLEARANCE

First is to establish boundaries and to mark down the existing structure which needed to be protected from accidental damage during the site clearance. Simillary, water, electric, sewer, and other utility lines should be marked and staked so they will not be inadvertently demage.

The method chosen for conducting the site clearance work is based on the scale of development and consideration for any adjacent building. Therefore, most plant and machinery are used in our specific site. The removal of major elements which is the trees must be carried out by using plant and machinery and be left to the specialist contractors.

Topsoil that contain of plant life and decaying vegetation which exist on most sites to a depth of about 300mm. This means that the topsoil is easily compressed and would be unsuitable for foundations. Topsoil shall be removed before the foundations are excavated.

ESTABLISH BOUNDARY REMOVING TREES CLEARANCE OF TOPSOIL1 2 3

Our Site

EXTERNAL WORK 22

ON-SITE

The very first stage in building construction is earthwork. Earthwork begins with the soil investigation even before preparing the plan of a building. Then earth filling or cutting is done to make the ground surface even. And then, the land is cleaned. Cleaning involves removing tree roots, existing sub-structure (if any) and any small plant or vegetation from the site. Finally, plot is secured by making fence all around it.

EARTHWORK INCLUDES:

EXCAVATION Excavation and filling to make way for a building

Existing condition of the site must come in consideration as if the given site is not level, it must be modified before any construction begin. Therefore, cut and fill process must be done first.

100 ft

75 ft

50 ft

25 ft

0 ft

Topography Map

Section 0 ft

Section 0 ft

Section 0 ft

CUT CUT

FILL

FILL

Existing

Elevation Line

Cut Line

Cut Line

Section cuts are drawn based on the topography of the land in order to accurately represent the land that is being evaluated.

Each line on the topography map represents a change in elevation of 10 feet.

If properly carried out, the amount of cut will equal the amount of fill.

The holes are filled under the cut ine and the amount of fill should never exceed a depth of 600 mm.

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Retaining wall

FILL Formation or reduced level

Original ground level

When reducing site level is done, excavation for foundation can be now proceed once the setting out of building lines and foundation trenches is done.

Reduce level excavations by bulldozer, mechanical shovel, and etc.

REDUCE LEVEL EXCAVATIONS (CUT AND FILL) -

TRENCH AND PIT EXCAVATIONS -

EARTH WORKEXTERNAL WORK 23

ON-SITE

Setting out initiate with plan and finish off by positioning some particular engineering structure correctly on that area. Setting out is basically the establishemnt of the building Outline to define the site boundary. It is usually proceeded once the site has been cleared of any debris or obstructions.

The first step in building setting out is to identify a base line according to the site layout plan. We can establish the base line considering the permanent structures and the relevant distances to structural parts from them as given in the drawings.

SETTING OUT THE BUILDING OUTLINE -

TYPICAL DETAILS -

TYPICAL DETAILS -

Temporary Bench mark: this is a fixed point on site to which all levels are related and

should be established at an early stage in the contract. Where possible it should

relate to an ordanace bench mark. On site it can be any permanent feature such as a

drain cover (manhole) or a firmly driven post.

Reference to ordanace

survey maps of an area

will indicate bench mark

positions and their height

above sea level.

Hence the name Ordance

Datum (OD).

Setting dimensions measured with a tape,

ranging rods may be required to establish

straight line between corner post.

SETTING OUTEXTERNAL WORK 24

ON-SITE

Setting out initiate with plan and finish off by positioning some particular engineering structure correctly on that area. Setting out is basically the establishment of the building Outline to define the site boundary. It is usually proceeded once the site has been cleared of any debris or obstructions.

SETTING OUT FOUNDATION TRENCHES - Setting out a frame building, framed buildings are usually related to a grid, the intersections of the grid lines being the centre point of a pad foundation. According to our site, pad foundation is used.

The grid is established using a theodolite and marking the grid line intersections with stout pegs. Once the grid has been set out offset pegs or profiles can be fixed clear of any subsequent excavation work. Control of excavation depth

can be by means of a traveller sighted between sight rails or by level and staff related to site datum.

The level of the profile crossboard should be related to the site datum and fixed at a convenient height above ground level if a traveller is to be used to control the depth of the trench.

SETTING OUTEXTERNAL WORK 25

ON-SITE

EXCAVATION (CONS)

According to our site, due to its soil condition which is red soil as it is a harder ground that could withstand load of the building without piercing into the hard strata. Therefore, pad foundation is used

To control the depth of excavation, sight rails are set up at a convinient height and at positions which will enable a traveller to be used.

EARTH WORK (CONT)EXTERNAL WORK 26

ON-SITE

GRADING Grading is the preperatory to installing paving, walkways, lawns and landscaping

The rough and final grades on a building site are established by grading using a combination of power equipment and hand tools. Grading is necessary where lawns, planning, pavement, walks, and building slabs will be placed.

Ground surfaces shall be graded so as to promote proper drainage and allow moving by vehicular equipment. All rough grading shall be completed to within 6" of finished grade prior to the installation of any pipeline or pipeline appurtenance.

EARTH WORK (CONT)EXTERNAL WORK 27

ON-SITE

Subsurface drainage system are very different engineering designs from surface drainage systems. Subdrainage systems include foundation drains and underslab drains, which are pipes collect and carry off ground water and storm water that may seep down into them. Foundation and underslab drains are usually made from 4 or 6 in. (100 or 150mm) pipe.

Subdrainage is laid out to meet the needs of a site. A grid, parallel line, or random pattern at low points in the topography is used to collect subsurface water .

FOUNDATION DRAINS

Foundation drains are placed in a bed of compacted draingae fill material around the exterior perimeter of a building’s foundation. (100mm) above the bottom of the footing to prevent possible washout of the soil beneath the footing.

UNDERSLAB DRAINSUnderslab drains are placed in trenches filled with drainage fill material. Pipes are usually placed in parallel rows across the building. For positive drainage slope, Interceptor pipes may be placed perpendicular to reduce the depth of the piping.

FOUNDATION DRAINAGE PIPING

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMEXTERNAL WORK 28

ON-SITE

Surface drainage systems intercept and collect stormwater runoff and convey it away from a building and site with the use of large inlets and storm drains. Storm drainage are designed to collect and dispose of rainfall runoff to prevent the flow of water from damaging building structures (through foundation leakage), site structures, and the surface grade (through erosion). The two basic types of surface drainage are the open system and the close system.

THE OPEN SYSTEM THE CLOSED SYSTEM

Which utilizes a ditch/swale and culvert, is used in less densely populated, more open areas where the flow of water above grade can be accommodated fairly easily.

Which utilizes pipes, an inlet/catch basin, and manholes, is used in more urban, populated areas, where land must be used efficiently and water brought below surface quickly to avoid interference with human activity.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM A system of water courses which takes off excess water is known as the drainage system. An improper drainage system on a site will lead the water stop from running off and causes standing water that will smell and allows mosquito breeding and lead to threat of human health and as well as effecting on the construction progress.

SEWAGE SYSTEM

Sewage is the process by which waste matters are carried away which have the same function as drains but collect the discharge from a number of drains and convey it to the final outfall. Sewer define as a pipe, which either a public sewer or a privately owened pipe, which carries away foul water and surface water. Sewage system in a site include domestic sewers, Industrial sewers, and storm sewers.

SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMEXTERNAL WORK 29

ON-SITE

EXTERNAL WORKCATCH BASIN

A receptacle which located at the point where a street gutter the carries surface water runoff and discharges into a sewer. It’s designed to catch and retain matter that would not pass readily through the sewer. Tipically made of precast concrete, brick, or concrete masonaryunits, with a cast Iron frame and grate on top.

INSPECTION CHAMBER (MANHOLE)

These provide a means of access to drainage system. An inspection chamber is a clean-out generally installed at the property line of a building. It allows the municipality to access the sanitary or storm sewers. If any blockage were detected, a clearing and cleanign of the blockage could be done by inspection chamnber . Inspection chamber can be of brick, precast concrete or preformed in plastic for use with patent drainage system.

EXTERNAL WORK 30

ON-SITE

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FOUNDATIONTeo Vi Vien 31

4.0 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Pad Footing Strip Foundation Raft Foundation

DEEP FOUNDATION

Piled Foundation Caisson Foundation Compensated Foundation

REFERENCEFOUNDATION32

4.0 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

FOUNDATION

Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square or rectangular. They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or haunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column.

Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting. Individual footings would not be appropriate as the columns are located too near to one another.

Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity.

PAD FOOTING RAFT FOUNDATIONSTRIP FOUNDATION

Line concrete filing to base cavity

150mm concrete floor

Ground level

Concrete foundation

Hard strata

Concrete raft

Sand binding

Hard strataDeepening of edge beam

Line concrete filing to base cavity

Concrete floor

Ground level

concrete

Reinforcement bars

REFERENCEFOUNDATION33

4.0 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces.

It is constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson. A caisson foundation consists of concrete columns constructed in cylindrical shafts excavated under the proposed structural column locations. Caissons are drilled to bedrock or deep into the underlying strata if a geotech eng. find the soil suitable to carry the building load.

Compensated foundation is a deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement.

PILED FOUNDATION COMPENSATED FOUNDATION

CAISSON FOUNDATION

Side resistance Reinforcement steel bar

Base resistance

concrete

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

FOUNDATION

DEEP FOUNDATION

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FRICTION PILE

Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived from skin friction of the surrounding soil.

4.0 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

END BEARING PILE

End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile

PILE

BORE PILE

Bored pile is another type of reinforced concrete pile which is used to support high building which has heavy vertical load. Bored pile is a cast-in-place concrete pile where the bored piles have to be cast on construction site,

METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Driven precast piles can be used in areas where the soils, through which the pile is to be driven, are relatively soft and unobstructed and where the length of pile required can be determined to a reasonable accuracy

Driven cast in situ piles use steel, or precast concrete, driving tubes which are filled with in situ concrete after driving

The bored pile is usually formed by using a simple cable percussion rig. The soil is removed by shell and auger and the hole filled with in situ reinforced concrete as required

The augered pile is usually constructed by screwing a rotary auger into the ground.

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

FOUNDATION35

1. Shallow foundation - Pad Footing

2. Deep Foundation - End-bearing piled foundation

4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION

Pad footing is used when soil bearing is high. Pad footing is usually wider to increase surface area in contact with the soil to take the load of the structure.

Reasons it is used on site :

Pilled foundation is used when soil bearing is low. The pile cap is thicker to prevent punching shear. End bearing piles are used to transfer the load of the building to the hard strata.

Reasons it is used on site : FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION

- It is used on clay soil as it is a harder in nature.

- The soil condition is good enough to withstand the load of the building without piercing into the hard strata.

- End bearing piles are used on softer ground as the soil condition is not strong enough to withstand the load from the building.

- Reinforced Concrete piles are hammered into the until the hard strata which is 6m-12m below ground level.

36

4.1 LOCATION OF PAD FOOTING AND PILE FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION

ON-SITE FOUNDATION37

PILING

PAD FOOTING

BOUNDARY LINE

4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION PAD FOOTING

High Tensile Reinforce Bar

Transverse Reinforce Bar

Mild steel bar (link)

Column Stump

Lean Concrete

Compacted Soil

To provide space for underground Mechanical and Electrical services.

To bind the main bars.

To provide reinforcement or additional strength to concrete.

To provide a uniform surface and to prevent direct contact of foundation concrete to the soil.

To prevent foundation from sinking.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION38

4.1 LAYOUT OF FOUNDATIONPAD FOOTING

According to the layout of the pad footing, the middle section has the bigger pad footing size because it carries almost twice the weight of the load compared to the pad footings at the edge..

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION39

FOUNDATION4.1 DIMENSION OF FOUNDATIONPAD FOOTING

The dimensions of the pad footing is based on the footing schedule. The difference between the footing sizes depend on the loading that it has to carry which is determined by the engineer.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION40

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSPAD FOOTING

1. Excavate to 1.2 m deep and compact soil in boundary. Setting out is carried out to determine position of pad footing, footing is marked to the reduced level.

2. Put up formwork and readjust setting out to ensure the pad footing is in the correct position.

3. Fill in with lean concrete and put up spacer blocks.

4. Lay the reinforcements which consist of the main rebar and transverse rebar.

5. Erect the steel bar to form a stump bar.

6. Cast grade 30 concrete inside the formwork.

7. After the concrete has set, the formwork is removed and formwork of column stump is installed.

8. Casting of grade 30 concrete to column stump. After 3 days, formwork is dismantled. Followed up with backfilling of earth.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION41

4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION END BEARING PILE

Type of pile : Reinforced Concrete Square PileType of pointed shoe : X-Pointed ShoeDimension : 150 x 150 x 6000mmDepth of earth driven : 6-12mMethod : The precast concrete piles are cast and cured in a casting yard and then transported to the site for driving.

PRECAST DRIVEN END BEARING PILE

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION42

4.1 TYPE OF FOUNDATION PILE CAP

150x150mm Reinforced Concrete Piles

Double layer high tensile reinforce bar

Column stump

Starter bar

Pile cap

To provide space for underground Mechanical and Electrical services.

To provide additional strength to the concrete and to prevent punching shear from the upwards thrust of the RC piles.

Overlapping length of 42d to the steel bar to connect column to stump.

To evenly distribute load to the piles.

To increase the bearing capacity and to reduce settlements at sites with weak compressible soil

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION43

4.1 LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION PILE CAP

Readjusted pile cap size with additional piles

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION44

No. of piles : OneDimensions : 450x450mm

No. of piles : TwoDimensions : 1350 x 450mm

No. of piles : ThreeDimensions : 825 x 1230 mm

4.1 DIMENSION OF FOUNDATIONPILE CAP

These pile cap shapes minimize the plan area for a symmetrical arrangement of piles about the load.The pile cap should overhang the outer piles by at least 150mm but should not be excessive, generally not more than the diameter of the pile diameter.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION45

No. of piles : FourDimensions : 900 x 900mm

No. of piles : FiveDimensions : 1086 x 1086 mm

No. of piles : SixDimensions : 900 x 1350 mm

4.1 DIMENSION OF FOUNDATIONPILE CAP

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION

These pile cap shapes minimizes the plan area and thus the cost, while providing sufficient length to:● Anchor the tension reinforcement with a large radius bend● Ensure adequate cover to the reinforcement● Satisfy construction tolerances.

The pile caps with larger dimensions have more piles which are located in the middle section of the plan to support bigger load. 46

4.1 DIMENSION OF FOUNDATION PILE CAP

No of piles : 2 pile with additional 2 pile

No of piles : 3 piles with additional 2 pile

No of piles : 3 pile with additional 2 pile

Additional piles were added to compensate the deviation of the piles by 75mm to restabilize the foundation. The deviated piles which are the shaded piles are taken out from the original set. Hence, the shape of the pile cap is altered and enlarged to accommodate the new position of the piles.

Additional piles Deviated piles

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION47

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSEND BEARING PILE

1.Reinforced Concrete Piles are precast in the factory and transported to the site. The piles are then carried to the designated area with a crane.

2. The piles are tied to a lifting lug to be hammered into the ground.

3. The piles will be positioned according to the plan drawn by the engineer and is ready to be driven into the ground.

4. The piles are hammered into the ground with a drop hammer. The starter pile with a pile shoe will be driven into the ground. If it does not set, the subsequent piles will be welded to the starter pile. It is then driven until it hits the hard strata.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION48

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCESSPILE CAP

1. Excavate to 1.2 m deep in between RC piles with a backhoe. Compact soil in boundary.

2. Once level is determined, pile head will be cut off to 75mm above the reduced level.

3.. Put up formwork and readjust setting out to ensure the pile cap is in the correct position. Then, lean concrete is poured.

4. Lay the reinforcements which consist of the main rebar and transverse rebar.

5. Erect the steel bar to form a stump bar.

6. Cast grade 30 concrete inside the formwork.

7. After the concrete has set, the formwork is removed and formwork of column stump is installed.

8. Casting of grade 30 concrete to column stump. After 3 days, formwork is dismantled.. Backfill the earth.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

FOUNDATION49

BEAM AND COLUMN

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SUPERSTRUCTURE50

After the foundation is set, column stump is constructed to allow space for M&E wiring and plumbing pipes.

Ground beam’s steel bars are tied to the column stump starter bar with link wires .

Formwork is set up and concrete is poured. Ground beam is left to set for 3 days.

After 3 days, the inner part of ground beam’s formwork is stripped off. Backfilling is done up to the soffit of the slab.

After backfilling, BRC and steel rebar for ground slab is placed then concrete is poured.

After 3 days , the formwork is stripped off. Grid lines are drawn based on the column’s placement. The starter bar is left for column construction.

Column stump

Steel Bar

Column stump

Column stump

Formwork

Slab

Starter Bar

Formwork

Steel bar and BRC

Formwork

Ground beam

STEP-BY-STEP CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FOUNDATION

ON-SITE SUPERSTRUCTURE

1 4

2 5

3 6

51

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Column’s steel bar were tied to the starter bar with link wire

After setting up the formwork, the formwork were treated wtih oil. Then, the concrete were poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is used to ensure the concrete settle firmly in place.

After 3 days , the formwork were stripped off ans the column is done.

The ledger were set up. Scaffolding were placed under the ledger to act as secondary support.

Scaffolding

Ledger

Steel bar

Then formwork for beam were set up.

Formwork for slab were also installed by using plywood . Steel Rebar for beam were also placed into beams formwork,

Steel bar

First Floor Beam’s formwork

Plywood

Steel bar

Formwork

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SUPERSTRUCTURE7 10

8 11

9 12

52

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Spaced block are placed on plywood decking.

BRC were then placed on top of spacer block . Sewer pipe and wiring were installed before pouring the concrete.

The formwork and scaffolding were dismantled once the concrete is set and have enough strength.

After the stringer and riser plank are set in position. The concrete were poured .

Formwork for staircase were set up and reinforcement were placed into the formwork. The stair case steel bar were tied with starter bar from slab.

The stairs were formed

Spacer Block

BRC

Stair Formwork

Steel bar

Concrete

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SUPERSTRUCTURE 13 16

14 17

15 18

53

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Then, the bricks were laid to form a wall.

After the brick walls were formed. The doors ans windows were installed .

then , the wall will be plastered and painted.

Cement plastering

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SUPERSTRUCTURE

18 19

20

54

BEAM AND COLUMN

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G SUPERSTRUCTURE -BEAMS AND COLUMNS Teh Sin Ying 55

COLUMN Column is an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument..B

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BEAM A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting against bending.

The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.

5.1 COLUMN AND BEAM

columnColumn Column Column Column

FIXED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

CONTINUOUS BEAM

It’s a beam supported freely at the two ends on walls or column. In actual practice, no beam rests freely on the supports.

In this beam, both ends of the beam are rigidly fixed into the supports. Also, main reinforcement bars are stirrups are provided

Its supported on more than two columns. This beam is more economical for any span length

Column Column

CANTILEVER BEAM

OVER HANGING BEAM

It’s fixed in a wall or column at one end and the other end is free, it is called cantilever beam .

column column column

TYPE OF BEAM

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS56

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ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

High compressive strength

Low tensile strength

Better resistance to fire than steel

Need mixing, casting and curing whill will affect the final strength of concrete

Last long Cracks may develop in concrete due to the application of live load

Economical and low maintenance cost

Flexible

REINFORCED CONCRETE All the beams and column on site are reinforced concrete beams and columns.

REINFORCEMENT Rebar cage were placed to reinforce the concrete beams and column. This will strengthen the strength of the concrete column and beams . Without reinforcement, the beam and column will crack easily when force is applied

Stirrup

R-LINK- were used to hold

the steel bar together,

- act as secondary support

LONGITUDINAL BAR /TENSIL BAR -act as main reinforcement bar

The bottom bar withstand more tensile force when load were applied

Type of longitudinal bar that were used on site : High tensile bar, R16. The diameter of the steel bar : 14mm.

Steel bar reinforcement

REINFORCEMENT FOR GROUND COLUMN

Steel bar

Stirrup

Properties of reinforced concrete :

REINFORCEMENT FOR RECTANGULAR COLUMN

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS57

GROUND BEAM

The ground beam were bigger in size and have better reinforcement compare to ordinary beam as they need to support more load.

Reinforced concrete grade beam were used on site. This beam were used to transfer the load from superstructure to the pile below.

LOAD

Pile cap

Pile

LOAD

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Wooden formwork were used to form the grade

beam.

Grade beams were reinforced by T14 steel bar to strengthen the beam

Grade beam were located right above column stump for even distribution of load.

Column Stump

Ground beam formwork

After the construction of the column stump is completed, the formwork of ground beam will be place on top of the column stump.

Reinforcement bar of the ground beam will be placed into the formwork. The ground beam’s rebar and ground slab steel bar will be tied to the steel bar from the column stump be using wire. Then, the concrete will be poured.

Ground beam formwork

Column Stump

Column Stump

Ground Beam After 3 days, the formwork of ground beam will be stripped off . Then, the excavated soil will be back fill until the sofit of the ground floor slab.

1

2

3

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS58

COLUMN STIFFENER There are plenty of stiffener on site. Stiffener were non-structural support beams or column. They were used to strengthen the bricks bond.

2nd floor

1sr floor

Ground floor

The size of columns different from level to level. The column at ground floor is bigger and have more reinforcement compare to 1st floor and 2nd floor. This is because the column at ground floor need to carry more load compared to the

Smaller and have lesser reinforcement

Bigger and have more reinforcement

Column at 1st and 2nd floor

Column at ground floor

Cross section of column and beams:

The stiffener were placed every 3 meter to ensure the strong bond of the bricks.

Cross section of concrete stiffener

Wall elevation.

200mm

200mm

Concrte beam

RC Stiffener

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS59

BAM AND COLUMNFIXED BEAM

In this beam, both ends of the beam are rigidly fixed into the supports. Also, main reinforcement bars are stirrups are

provided

column Column

BEAMS

Column Column Column

It’s supported on more than two columns. This beam is more economical for any span length

CONTINUOUS BEAM

Clear Span

Effective Span

Reinforcement bar

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS60

CONNECTION BETWEEN BEAMS AND COLUMN

Beam steel bar

Column steel bar

starter bar

Ground slab steel bar and BRC

The steel bar intersect each other for better grip.

Type of reinforce concrete steel : T12 and T14 T represents the reinforcement steel while 12 represent the diameter of the steel bar.

Starter bar from the slab were tied with the column steel bar. FOUNDATION

ON-SITE BEAMS AND COLUMNS61

Function: 1. Mold the concrete into desired shape & size 2. Transfer temporary external load

Qualities :1. Water tight 2. Strong and reusable 3. Contact surface is uniform anD even

Formwork can be made by using moulds out of steel, wood, aluminium or prefabricated forms

On site, the face of the formwork which in contact with concrete were treated with oil , so that when it’s removed , concrete does not adhere to formwork and damage the finish of coat concrete. Therefore, releasing agent were used to improves the finish look of concrete.

FORMWORK BEAM FORMWORK

Slab

Beam

Braces

Horizontal Braces-Act as support for the formwork.

Sheeting

Wooden Formwork were used as beam formwork as it’s cheaper and easier to be built. .

Strength of framework is important to ensure that framework not expand when a concrete will instill. If framework not good, It will give a problem and the construction work have much time.

Side Panel

Bracing -were used to maintain the accuracy of formwork.

After building the formwork , scaffolding will be placed under it as secondary support

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS62

Flush Yoke

Stiffener ribs Were used to strengthen the strenght of the rolled sheet metal. It help to keep the cnocrete in shape.

Rolled sheet metal molded the shape of concrete.

Edge Bolts Tie both of the plates together.

Formwork material : Steel. Steel cylindrical formwork on site as steel can withstand force and weight better. Plywood formwork is not strong enough to support and mold a concrete cylindrical column. .

Detail of formwork

2. Cyindrical Column Formwork

PanelsDictates the shape of concrete

Yoke-hold the panels

Bolt

Wedge-hold the yoke and wood panels

COLUMN FORMWORK

Formwork material : Plywood.Wood formwork is used on site for rectangular formwork because it’s cheaper and easier to assemble.

Yoke

BoltWedge

Panels

1. Rectangular Column Formwork

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS63

FORMWORK STRIPPING

TYPE OF FORMWORK FORMWORK STRIPPING DURATION

Ground Beam 4th day.

Column 3rd day

Beam 7th day

The concrete will undergo cube test . Before stripping the formwork , the concrete will be checked to ensure it had reached 70% strength. Once it’s achieved 70% strength, the formwork will be stripped off

ScaffoldingFormwork

Once the formwork were stripped off, the beam will still be supported by scaffolding .Scaffolding were used to act as secondary support for the beams .

Cube Test

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNSNormally, formwork were stripped off after 7 days. However, the site we visited didn’t practice that way. This is not an appropriate practice as stripping the formwork too early may weaken the strength of the concrete.

64

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1 2 3

654

Grid line were draw to determined where the column will be located .Starter bar from the slab were left for column to slab connection.

Column formwork were located on top of starter bar.

Steel bar reinforcement were inserted to the formwork.

The column reinforcement longitudinal bar were ties to the starter bar by using wire.

After tying all the bars, concrete were poured into the column

After 3 days, the formwork were stripped off and the column were done.

Starter bar

After tying all the bars, concrete were poured into the column

Formwork

Slab

Slab Slab

Formwork

Steel bar

Column steel bar

Starter bar steel bar

Wire

Steel bar

Concrete

Slab

Column

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS65

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

1 2 3

54

Starter bar from the column were left for column to beamconnection.

The the beam’s steel bar were tied to the starter bar.

Then formwork were set up to support the steel bar. .

Concrete were poured into it.

Starter bar

After tying all the bars, concrete were poured into the column

Formwork

Formwork

Steel bar

Steel Bar

Concrete

Column

Beam

Column

ColumnColumn

Column

Formwork FOUNDATIONON-SITE

BEAMS AND COLUMNS66

BEAM AND COLUMN

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SLABTAN YIK TING 67

TYPE OF SLAB ON SITE

On the construction site, there are non-suspended slab (slab-on-grade) and suspended slab.

- Non-suspended slab (slab-on-grade) has a thickened edge slab and the load is transferred from the slab directly to the ground and ground beam.

- Suspended slabare slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground level. Suspended slabs are grouped into one-way and two-way slab.

2. Cast In Situ on site 1 & 2A slab is a large, flat piece of stone, concrete or wood and typically rectangular in size. In Malaysia, for most construction purpose we use concrete slab. It is the most common structural element of modern domestic buildings, which is a horizontal slab of steel reinforced concrete.

5.2 SLAB

There are precast and cast in situ slab on this construction site.

1. Precast on site 2

Precast slabs are used in construction have increased the work efficiency as it can be installed immediately. Precast slabs are used to cover the mail boxes. FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB68

One Way Slabs

- One way slab is supported by beams or load bearing wall

- The ratio of longer span panel (ly) to shorter span panel (lx) is equal or greater than 2. Thus, ly/lx ≥ 2

- Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction for one way slabs.

- Two way slab is supported by beams or load bearing wall in all four sides.

- The ratio of longer span panel (ly) to shorter span panel (lx) is less than 2. Thus, ly/lx < 2

- Main reinforcement is provided in both the direction for two way slabs.

Two Way Slab and Beam

Two Way Slabs

One Way Slab

CLASSIFICATION OF SLAB on site 1

Tensile reinforcement

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB

Tensile reinforcementShrinkage and temperature reinforcementperpendicular to main tensile reinforcement

69

THICKNESS OF SLABSSAB

The thicker the slab, the larger the diameter of BRC. On the site, there are many different thickness of slab. Due to :

The drop for the water to flow out

- Mass concrete top up at the washroom area to avoid the leakage of water

Example of Drop

There is additional of rebar in the fold slab (drop) to strengthen the slab.

Sequence of rebar arrangement:1. BB (main bar)2. B (distribution bar)3. T (main bar)4. TT (distribution bar)

Function of main bar:- Main bars are designed to load the bending moment, super imposed load and stress develop.

Function of distribution bar:- Distribution bars are distribute of stress caused by the super imposed load, temperature variation and shrinkage.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB70

Fabricated mesh (BRC) is a steel reinforcement material in concrete. The mesh is used for replacing the traditional “cut & bend” and placing of steel thermo-mechanical treated bars. The mesh is an electric fusion welded prefabricated reinforcement consisting of a series of parallel longitudinal wires with accurate spacing welded to cross wires at the required spacing.

BRC

Rebar

On the site, BRC are mostly used as there are a lot of advantages:

- Flexibility and controlled manufacturing to suit any structural requirement either in flat sheet or shaped form - High and consistent quality welded mesh delivered just-in-time to site - Improved site productivity with reduced reliance on manpower on-site - Material wastage is controlled and reduced - Reduced cost due to enhanced speed of construction - Better utilisation of on-site space and logistics

Type of BRC used on site: A - 200 x 200 Square Mesh

Every 2 pieces of adjacent fabric mesh (BRC) indicated is with full tensile lap.

All bottom fabric mesh (BRC) lapping is full tensile lap.

Cross Wire

Diameter (mm) Spacing (mm)

Type of BRC

A7 7 200 7 200

A8 8 200 8 200

A10 10 200 10 200

Main Wire

Diameter (mm) Spacing (mm)

SLAB BRC & REBAR ARRANGEMENTFOUNDATION

ON-SITE

SLAB71

FORMWORK on site 1The strength of concrete increase with age. The strength of the concrete is determined by calculating the compressive strength of concrete cube

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for curing.These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing.

Age Strength percent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

Percentage strength of concrete at various ages:

The removal of formwork is depends on the strength of concrete. So after the concrete cubes past the test, this determine the formwork is safe to remove.

The formwork for slab are normally removed after 7 days.

Formwork is temporary structure, as such, it made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms.

Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB72

FORMWORK for suspended slab

Acrow "V" shore. "U" screw jacks at the top support heavy timbers which in turn support joists for play

Square plated screw jacks at bottom, nailed to timber sole plates. These under all of the steel support legs and props.

They have adjustable screw jacks at the bottom and top. The top jacks carry heavy timber bearers, (150 x 100) at say 1200 centres which in turn carry joists (100 x 75) at 400 centres.

At the base of the frames there are heavy timber pieces called sole plates.The main purpose of the sole plates is to spread the load of the frame to the ground.

In this instance they are sat on the building pad, which is a stable pad of compacted earth and then road gravel that forms a base for the building work.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB73

WORK PROGRESS for non-suspended slab on site

1. After casting the ground beam 600mm below the ground is done and formwork is removed.

2. Leveling and well-compacted sub-grade and crusher run until 475mm.

3. Pretreat the fill and subgrade for insects using termiticide.

4. Placing damp proof polythene sheet immediately after the termiticide is applied

6. Installing rebar and supporting it by 25mm spacer blocks.

5. Installing sewer pipes.

7. Setting up the formwork and casting the ground slab of 125mm.

8. Applying floor hardener finisher. 9. Remove the formwork after 7 days.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB74

FLOORING on site 2Floor systems are the horizontal planes that must support both live loads and dead loads. Floor system must transfer their loads horizontally across space to either beams and columns or to load bearing walls.

Floor finishesOn the site 2, porcelain tile and ceramic tile are used.

Porcelain tile Ceramic tile

CharacteristicsDifferentiate between porcelain tile and ceramic tile

Porcelain tile Characteristic Ceramic tile

Lower Water absorption Higher

HigherSuitable for interior and exterior use

Durability LowerNot suitable for exterior use

Higher Density Lower

LowerPorcelain tile is brittle

Ease of cutting Higher

Ceramic tilePorcelain tile

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB75

SLABINSTALLATION of Ceramic Tile and Porcelain Tile

1. Find the center point of the room by measuring the four walls in the room for their midpoints. Then, snap two chalk lines

2. Test the layout strategy by laying a single half row of tiles in both directions without mortar, starting at the center point and working outward. Insert spacers between the tiles.

3. Mix the thin-set by using a large bucket and a drill with a mixing paddle.

4. Spread the thin-set evenly, then using the notched edge make a raking motion

6. Set tile spacer and then continue with additional tiles.

5. Set the first tile in place at the corner lines made by the center point.

7. Use your level to determine degree of level of the tiles as you go along.

8. After the tiles have been set, it is usually advised to wait at least one day to allow the adhesive to dry

9. In a diagonal direction, press grout into the joints to an even level with the tile.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB76

10. Use a damp sponge work across the joints to remove grout haze from tiles and finish the joints

11. Seal the grout with silicone sealer 12. Let the floor cure.

Thinset ProcessIn the thinset process, ceramic tile and porcelain tile is bonded to a continuous, stable backing with a thin coat dry-set mortarThin-set mortar is the cement or bonding agent used to attach the tile to the backerboard or concrete subfloor.

Interior Floor Applicants

INSTALLATION of Ceramic Tile and Porcelain TileFOUNDATION

ON-SITE SLAB77

CEILING on site 2

On site 2, there are 4 types of ceilings:- Cement Sand Board Ceiling- RC Slab Soffit Finish with Skim Coat and Paint- Gypsum Plasterboard Ceiling- Seamless Ceiling Board

C1 - Cement Sand Board Ceiling

C2 - RC Slab Soffit Finish with Skim Coat and PaintC4 - RC Slab Soffit Finish with Waterproof Skim Coat and Paint

C3 - Gypsum Plasterboard CeilingC5 - Water Resistance Gypsum Plasterboard Ceiling

C6 - Water Resistance Seamless Ceiling Board

Before finishing work

After finishing work FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB78

CLASSIFICATION of CEILING on site 2FOUNDATION

ON-SITE SLAB79

CLASSIFICATION of CEILING on site 2FOUNDATION

ON-SITE SLAB80

INSTALLATION of CEMENT SAND BOARD CEILING

1. Measure the length of the ceilings by using measuring tape, then mark out the length on cement sand board.

2. Measure the width of the room to work out how many sheets of board you will need to cover the ceiling.

3. Cut the cement sand board into size.

4. Mark the position of the joists on the wall frame for drilling after covering with board.

6. Attach the cement sand board to the joist and start drilling in the screws.

5. Apply the glue to the joists. Make sure safety glasses is on.

7. Prime and paint the ceiling with emulsion paint.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB81

CONNECTION of slab and beam on site 1

The connection between the slab and beam is the overlapping of slab BRC & rebar arrangement.The BRC bottom layer of slab is extended into the BRC of beam. The slab top bar is not tie to the beam main bar.After the slab BRC & rebar arrangement and formwork for suspended slab and beam is done, casting for slab and beam is then start together.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB82

CONNECTION of slab and wall on site 1

The fabric mesh (BRC) top layer of slab at the end support is extended and bent into the BRC of wall. The bottom layer also extended to 50mm (minimum) beyond the face of support.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

SLAB83

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SUPERSTRUCTURE-WALLTEH SIN YING 84

5.3 WALL

CONCRETE WALLS GLASS WALL STONE WALL CAVITY WALLS

Classification of walls : Load bearing walls -designed to support imposed loads from floors and roofs

Non-load bearing walls -attached to columns and beams.

The load were transfers directly through the

bricks of wall

The load were transfers through the column and beams to the ground.

(MOST OF THE WALL ON SITE

WERE NON BEARING WALL)

MASONRY WALL

(ON-SITE)

A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provide shelter or security. Walls are vertical construction of a building that enclose, separate and protect its interior spaces.

Function :1. To provide protection for weather 2. To separate spaces 3. To provide thermal and sound insulation 4. For aesthetic and privacy

REFERENCE

WALL85

MASONRY WALLMasonry consists of building structures by laying individual masonry units. The term masonry also refers to the units themselves. Normally the masonry units are laid with cement mortar, which binds them together to create a structure. Masonry construction can provide beautiful walls and floors at economical prices.

Type of masonry :

CONCRETE BLOCK DRY SET WALL

STONE BLOCK BRICKS (ON-SITE)

BRICKS TERMINOLOGY

TOOTHING

BED JOINT

112.5mm215mm

65mm

STRETCHER COURSE HEADER COURSE

QUIONS

Bed End

Face

BRICKS ORIENTATION

STRETCHER STRETCHER

STRETCHERSTRETCHERSTRETCHER FOUON-SITE

WALL86

SANDBRICK(ZONE B)

CEMENT BRICK (ZONE A )

EXPENSIVECHEAP PRICE

BETTER WEAKER

BETTER WEAKER

3-4 days 15-30 days MANUFACTURE TIME

WEATHER RESISTANT

FIRE RESISTANT

In the site , there are two different category : a) ZONE A b) ZONE B

ZONE A ZONE B

ZONE A ZONE B -Better building material -Expensive -use CEMENT BRICK

-Normal building baterial -Cheaper -Use SANDBRICK

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL87

WINDOWS

CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS

Party wall

Partition wall FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL88

WINDOWSCLASSIFICATION OF WALLS

Party Walls -Walls that were used to set the boundary of the house-Thickness : 230mm

Partition wall -Walls that were used to separate the space. -Thickness: 115mm

FLEMISH BOND -ALTERNATES HEADER AND STRETCHERS INEACH COURSE

RUNNING BOND -REPEATS STRETCHER ONLY.

-One-wall thick as it’s used to separate the Houses. Besides, thicker wall can block out the noise from the other house.

-Half-wall thick as it’s only used to separate the spaces in a house

STRETCHERSTRETCHER

HEADER

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL89

WIRE INSTALLATION PROCESS

The top arrangement is arranged in “soldier pattern” It’s arranged diagonally to fill up the empty spaces of the last row. If the brick is arranged using the previous pattern , it will creates a gap which make it much harder to fill.

Wire mesh were used to hold every 4 course of bricks together .This can strengthen the durability of bricks

Wire installation plasteringWall are chased after built to run electrical wire. This done before plastering process

Wires will be put into a PVC pipe to protect it. Then, the PVC pipe will be placed into a small gap that were drilled in advance. All this is carried before plastering process

Then, caulking is done around the pvc pipe where it pass through the brick.

Lastly, a thick layer of wet cement plaster is applied to cover the gap. This would remain the strength of the wall.

Tiles skirting board were used on site. The skirting board were used to conceal the necessary gap between floorboards and masonry. Besides , it used to hold the floor down

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL90

There are different types of mortar used in construction industry. As example , cement sand mortar , lime mortar , combination mortar.

WINDOWSMORTAR

It is a plastic mixture of binding material (like cement, lime, etc), fine aggregates (like sand, surkhi, etc), water and any admixture approved by the engineer in-charge. The mortar used in brickwork transfer the tensile, compressive ans shear stresses uniformly between adjacent brick , thus spreading the load.

TYPE OF MORTAR

TYPE OF MORTAR JOINT (REFERENCE)

FLUSH JOINT were used on site as it is more durable and easier to handle as it does not provide space for dust collection

CEMENT SAND MORTAR

MORTAR ON-SITE :

THE REASON IT WERE USED : - ECONOMICAL - LONG-LASTING - DURABLE

MORTAR JOINT (ON-SITE)

FLUSH JOINT

ROLLED JOINT WEATHER STRUCK JOINT

RAKE JOINT

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL91

WINDOWS

BRICK LAYERING PROCESS PROCESS

Firstly, measure the length of the wall. Then put brick at each end of the wall.

Add ⅜ inch onto the length of each brick to compensate the mortar between each of the brick. Make a mark at every 10 inch.

After making the marking, we can start layering the first layer of brick. Ensure the even height of all bricks by using a spirit level. .

Size of brick: 9⅝ in

Size of gap:⅜ inch

10 inch

Hook a line at both end so it lines up with the top of the bricks .This can ensure the horizontal of the brick.

1 2 3

4

Spreading the mortar on sides of the laid brick

Spread mortar on both sides of closure bricks.

5 6

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL92

WINDOWS

Lay bricks into position After laying the header side of the bond, lay the stretcher.Mortar were spread on ends of laid bricks

Spread mortar on both ends of closure brick.

Laying bricks in posItion. After laying the bricks, the wall will be plastered with cement plastering..

8 9

10

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FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL93

WINDOWS

PLASTERING

BRICK WALL

CEMENT PLASTERING

SKIM COATING

METHOD OF PLASTERING

Angle beads were used to ensure the precise 90 degree

plastering.

CEMENT PIT

ANGLE BEAD

PLASTER CHOPUneven surface

ensure better grip of plastering. .

Cement pit were used to set the thickness of

plastering

-TYPE OF PLASTERING : TWO COAT PLASTERING

-Thickness of plastering on-site : 20mm on both side

CEMENT PLASTERING COAT

-act as base coat in two coat plastering.

-a rough and basic base coat.

FINISHING COAT -act as final coat of plaster.

-Enhance the aesthetic of the wall.

TWO COAT PLASTERING

WINDOWS

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL94

PLASTERING PROCESS

When we plaster the wall , try to avoid plaster under the direct sunlight. Plaster small area at a time. A whole wall had to be completed at a time.

Load the hawk with cement plaster and use the trowel to apply the plaster to the wall.

When the plaster starts to stiff, level the surface with a sawing motion.

Wet the dry plaster with a wet brush for moisture. AFter that, the wall is covered up to keep it damp as long as possible.

1 3

2 4

WINDOWS

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WALL95

BEAM AND COLUMN

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STAIRCASEYEN WEI ZHENG 96

5.4 STAIRCASEStairs and staircases have likely been around for as long as human have needed to ascend or descend any form of taxing landscape.

Anyone who has ever hiked on a trail knows that stairs, particularly, the stair treads, come in all shapes, styles and forms. From stones that are placed in a manner to facilitate ascension, to logs which are strategically positioned to descend muddy slopes. Whether stone or wood stairs, these structures make our lives easier and safer.

FUNCTION

● Allow easy movement from one level to another● Helps to reach to higher or lower floor● Provide a safe means of travel between floors● Building regulations limit the general parameters of the design with

regard to safety during emergency such as fire

WINDOWS

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE97

ANATOMY & TERMINOLOGY

NosingThe exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a square, rounded or splayed edge.

TreadThe horizontal surface of a step on which the foot is placed

RiserThe vertical member between two consecutive treads

StringerA side member of a stair that serves both carriage and finished face

HandrailTo be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability or support

BalusterThe vertical member, plain or decorative, that act as the infill between the handrail and baserail

NewelPost forming the junction of flights of stairs with landings or carrying the lower end of strings

Newel CapThe top of a newel

RunThe horizontal travel of stair.

RiseThe vertical height between two consecutive tread

GoingThe horizontal distance between two consecutive riser from front to back of a tread

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE98

TYPES OF STAIRCASE

Half Landing stairs are basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that requires 180 degree turn in the walk line.

Advantages of Half Landing Stairs:

● Half Landing stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan.

● They offer some architectural interest.● The landing can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.

On-site staircase

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE99

TREAD: 260mmRISER: 175mm

TREAD

RISER

1750

2275

2625

2450

2800

2975

DIMENSION OF TREAD & RISER

HEADROOM

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE100

HANDRAIL DETAIL

Oval shape nyatoh hand railing with varnish finish fixed to 10 THK MS flat bar top rail with counter sunk screw

30x10 THK flat bar bracket with mitred corner

40x10 THK flat bar top rail

40x8 THK MS flat bar balustrade member

60

30

55

40

175 50

Oval shape nyatoh hand railing with rounded end fixed to 10 THK MS flat bar top rail.

30x10 THK flat bar bracket with mitred corner

40x10 THK flat bar top rail

40x8 THK MS flat bar balustrade member

40x20 RHS baluster with gloss paint finish

150

50

A

B

A

B

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE101

The stairs are made using cast in-situ method, the void under the staircase is covered up for aesthetic purposes and also cost efficient.

Non slip tread are installed at each step to provide more friction, preventing user from slipping easily.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASETREAD DETAIL

102

FORMWORKWhat is Formwork?Formwork in construction is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork can be made using moulds out of steel, wood, aluminium and prefabricated forms.

Types of Formwork

Steel formwork● Steel sheets● Angle iron● Tee iron

Wooden formwork● Props● Planks battens● Ledgers● Sheeting

The type of formwork used at the construction site is Timber Formwork

● Most common material used for bracing the member, hence called as the traditional formwork.

● Can easily be cut to size on site● Joints are replaced with engineered wood beams and supports are

replaced with metal props● This makes the method more systematic and reusable● It comes in various sizes of member of member

Formwork for stairs➢ The sheathing or decking for deck slabs is carried on cross-joists

which are in turn supported on ranking ledgers➢ The ledgers are generally of 7.5cm x 10cm size➢ The cross-joists may be 5cm x 10cm size➢ The riser planks are 4-5 cm thick and equal to the height of riser➢ The riser planks are placed after the reinforcement is placed in

position

( ON-SITE )

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE103

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

In-situ reinforced concrete stairs: in-situ concrete stairs are made using concrete that is cast into formwork on site. It is heavily reinforced and requires accurate workmanship.

Starter bars

Tension lap Main bars

Distribution bars

1. The starter bars from the slab and column helps construct the staircase

2. The starter bars are bent at the measured angle of the stair before the staircase formwork is set up.

3. The lower rebars are wired to their proper position with the distribution bar.

4. After the steel reinforcement is placed, the stringer and riser plank are set in position.

5. The concrete is then poured from the top which gradually flows to the bottom. Float is used to smooth out the concrete.

6. The concrete is left to dry in 3-4 days. The concrete is left to cure for 30 days so that the staining will occur properly.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

STAIRCASE104

BEAM AND COLUMN

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DOORS AND WINDOWSYONG MAN KIT 105

6.0 WINDOWS AND DOORS

A window is an opening hole that plays an important role in building construction. Whether it’s on a wall, door or roof, a window can often provide the necessary control of the passage of light, sight, air and sound through a solid object for the users. Windows are usually used to enact the the unique character and personality of each building design. However, installing a window is extremely troublesome as they are usually made with brittle yet expensive materials like glass panes, that requires an extreme cautious when handling.

A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance to or within an enclosed space. It allows the users to control the circulation or movement within a space. The door can also be used to control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled. Doors are significant in preventing the spread of fire. They also act as a barrier to noise. Lastly, they are the first line of security of our homes as they are usually tough to break down, while also equipped with a lock set, to keep strangers out.

LockKeeper

Top rail

Bottom rail

Sash

Stile

Operator

Bottom rail

Side jamb

Head jamb

Top rail

Stile

Lites

Lock rail

PanelDrill for lock set

Mullion

Hinge

Jamb/Casing

SillBottom rail

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

DOORS AND WINDOWSOperator track Image source:www.sabusinessindex.co.zawww.apexglass.ca

106

TYPES OF WINDOWS

CASEMENT HUNG PICTURE/FIXED

There are numeral types of windows that serve different purposes depending of the needs of the user.

AWNING GLIDINGHOPPER

TYPES OF WINDOW FRAMES

VINYL WOODALUMINIUM

Aside from choosing the suitable type of window, the frame plays an important part to enact the personalities of a building.

FIBERGLASS

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

WINDOWS

Image source:https://www.milgard.comhttp://www.realsimple.com/

107

LOCATION OF WINDOWS

Casement Window

LEGEND

Top-Hung Window

FixedWindow

CombinationWindow

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WINDOWS108

TYPES AND ANALYSIS OF WINDOWS

Casement Windows Top-Hung/Awning Windows

Fixed Windows Combination Windows

ANALYSIS:The casement windows can be opened up to allow a great amount of airflows if needed, therefore it is used in the parts where it benefits the most, like the kitchen. This is because according to our site, the airflow in the kitchen is pretty poor, coupled with the oil released from cooking, the heat in the kitchen can be pretty bad. Through installing a double casement window, the airflow is controlled and can be open/close when needed.

ANALYSIS:The top-hung windows are generally used in a situation where it can stay open forever, as it can shield off raindrops even in opened state.From our site, it’s used as the toilet’s window to provide some airflow permanently as well as some privacy as the opening of the window is pretty limited. Aside from that, the top-hung window is also used as the skylight of the house, providing natural light into the stairwell down below.

ANALYSIS:The fixed windows, also known as picture windows are basically windows with no mechanical bits involved. It’s sole purpose is to provide natural lights into the house. This type of windows are located in multiple rooms in our site, where they are general placed very high up on the wall, just to provide light.

ANALYSIS:The combination window is basically an opening with multiple types of windows, and in this case, they are in a pair of two consist of a fixed and a casement on our site. From my analysis, the purpose of the window is to provide the standard function of the included windows, as well as adding some sense of design to the house.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WINDOWS109

WINDOW DETAILS

Frame* Aluminium

Frame Manufacturer* Hup Yau Aluminium

Storage Based on availability of space as per logistic plan to be approved by S.O (Site Operation Manager)

Days stored before usage

1 - 4 weeks

FLOAT GLASS (ANNEALED)

Basic type of glass which can be turned into glass with specific usage. Used for most of the windows in our site (including sliding doors).

SANDBLASTED

Blasted with sand to create a frosted effect. Provide privacy without sacrificing light flow.Used in washing closets in our site.

GREY REFLECTIVE GLASS

Tinted grey and coated with reflective material, the glass can provide a sense of privacy as well as filtering out unwanted natural light and heat.Used in kitchen where fans are not present.

TYPE OF GLASS USEDADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS

* includes sliding doors

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WINDOWS

Image source::www.aohongglass.com

110

A lintel is a horizontal block placed on the top of a opening in a wall to prevent the structure from collapsing onto the opening. It can function as a decorative element but on our site, it’s used as a load-bearing component.

PRECAST CONCRETE LINTEL

COPING (REINFORCED CONCRETE)

Actual Schedule from the Architect

Creates a slanted platform to allow to water accumulated in the window frames (due to condensation of air) to flow off. This can in turn reduce the damage to wall caused by water.

Coping blockx height > y height to

create a slanted surface

Lintel

PrecastConcreteLintel

x heighty height

Illustration to show water flowing off the block

Water droplet

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WINDOWS111

INSTALLATION OF WINDOW ON BRICK WALL

With Nailing Flange

(Not on Site)

No Nailing Flange

(On Site)

WOODEN SHIMS

Squeeze silicon using a silicone gun on the back of the sill of the window. This is to prevent water droplets from going into the frame, damaging the wall.

Insert the frame into the opening with the sill of the window facing outward.

Balance the window and make sure it is plumbed/leveled by sticking wooden shims into the gap between the frame and the wall. Measure using a spirit level. Also, the locate some shims under the window to create gap for water to flow off.

Trim of the excessive wooden shims using a small knife. Secure the window using masonary drill and concrete anchor screws by screwing it through the window frame into the brick wall.

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3 4

The windows in our site use this installation method as the do not have nailing flange, as seen below.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS

SPIRIT LEVEL

Shims

Silicone gun

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

WINDOWSImage source:www.biltbestwindowparts.comwww.fesconstruction.co.ukwww.aquariacentral.com

112

TYPES OF DOORS TYPES OF MATERIALS

MATERIALS OF DOOR FRAMES

PANEL

LOUVRE

FLUSH

SLIDING

STEEL

GLASS

VINYL

ALUMINIUM

TIMBER

FIBREGLASS(YES THEY LOOK LIKE TIMBER)

MIRROR

LEADLIGHT

The door frames materials are generally depends on the material of door leaves themselves. However, this might not be the case as the doors in our site uses wooden door leaves which coupled with galvanized steel (zinc coated) door frames.

There are numeral types of doors that serve different purposes depending of the needs of the user.

Doors can be made with a variety of materials which can not only serves different purpose, but also provide different aesthetical value.

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

DOORS

Image credits: I do not own the rights of the images used in this page, all credit goes to their respective owners.

The images are only used for academic purposes and will not be misused or monetized.

113

DOORS

Wide Solid Timber Core Door

LEGEND

Glass SlidingDoor

LOCATION OF DOORS

Timber LouvreDoor

Timber FlushDoor

Metal GrilleDoor

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

DOORS 114

TYPE AND ANALYSIS OF DOORSDOORS

Glass Sliding Door Timber Louvre Door

Timber Flush Door Wide Solid Timber Core Door

ANALYSIS:The glass sliding door is used on the front facade as well as the balcony of the houses in our site. It allows a large amount of natural light to flow into the house. This reduces the energy consumption needed for lighting during the day.

ANALYSIS:The timber flush door is used as the basic door for each rooms in our site. It’s more lightweight and cheaper than solid core door. It isn’t as strong as in term of strength as it’s usually used in interior where security does not really matter.

ANALYSIS:The wide solid timber core door is used as the main entrance of the houses in our side. It’s much heavier and stronger in term of strength as it pretty much serves us the first line of security defense. It can hold a larger amount of abuse and cannot be easily brought down.

ANALYSIS:The small/narrow timber louvre door is used as the door of a storage room under the staircase. It provides airflows into the storage room which can prevent the stuffs in it from going musty, which can turn into a smelly sour odor as time goes by.

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

DOORS 115

DOORSDOOR DETAILS

Frames Galvanized Steel (Painted)

Knobs Steel Round Keyed Knobs

Leaves and Frames Manufacturer

Apexjaya Industries SDN BHD

Storage Based on availability of space as per logistic plan to be approved by S.O (Site Operation Manager)

Days stored before usage

1 - 4 weeks

TYPE AND ANALYSIS OF DOORS

Metal Grille DoorANALYSIS:On our site, metal grille door is used as the backdoor of the house which located at the kitchen. It provides a strong security but due to it’s not visually appealing, it’s not used as front door. However, users can totally install an additional metal grille door themselves for safety measurement, as it’s pretty much a staple in our country.

Not installed on site yet, no photo available

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

DOORS ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS

Image source:www.stratco.com.auhttp://apexjaya.com/

116

INSTALLATION OF HINGED DOOR ON BRICK WALL

Separate the door leaf and frame and insert the frame into the opening. This do so to prevent the door leaf get in the way during the installation and got damaged.

Using wooden shims and a spirit level, balanced the door frame and make sure it is plumbed against the wall. Insert wooden shims to between the part where nailing is needed especially at the hinge.

Secure the door frame into the wall by screwing the frame through the shims into the brick wall, using a drill.

Cut off the protruding shims and install the door leaf. This can be done easily by fastening door hinges of the frame and door together with a security pin.

1 2

3 4Security pin

Shims

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

DOORS 117

DOORSINSTALLATION OF SLIDING DOOR ON BRICK WALL

Using wooden shims and a spirit level, balanced the door frame and make sure it is plumbed against the wall. Insert wooden shims to between the part where nailing is needed especially at the hinge.

Separate the glass panels and frame and insert the frame into the opening. This is so that the glass panels does not get in the way during the installation, while also preventing it form getting damaged.

1 2

4 5

Remove excessive shims and secure the frame into the wall using a drill. Drill some screws alongside the frame into the brick wall.

3

install the panels onto their according tracks (moveable on one track, fixed on the other)

Secure the fixed panels of the sliding door using a corner tie.

Top section ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS

CORNER TIE

Screw

FOUNDATIONON-SITE

DOORS Image source:www.mudsupply.com

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BEAM AND COLUMN

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ROOF TEO KUO CHIEN 119

ROOF ROOF IS THE UPPERMOST PART OF ALL BUILDING OR SHELTER WHERE ROOF SERVE AS THE COVER OF IT’S STRUCTURE. THE PURPOSE OF THE ROOF IS TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM EXTERNAL ELEMENTS AS SUNLIGHT, WIND, RAIN AND MANY OTHER PURPOSES.

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A ROOF STRUCTURE DEPENDS ON THE DESIGN AND THE PURPOSE OF WHAT IS IT COVERING OR PROTECTING. THERE ARE SOME LAWS AND DIMENSION TO BE FOLLOW IN MALAYSIA AND IT CAUSE DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF ROOF FROM OTHER COUNTIES.

CHARACTERISTIC

TYPES OF ROOF1. FLAT ROOF

2. HIPPED ROOF

3. MONO-PITCHED ROOF

4. BUTTERFLY ROOF

5. A-FRAME ROOF

6. GABLE ROOF

A GABLE ROOF CAN BE DEFINED AS A ROOF THAT HAS TWO UPWARDS SLOPING SIDES THAT MEET EACH OTHER AT THE TOP, OR THE RIDGE OF THE ROOF. TRUE GABLE ROOFS HAVE IDENTICAL ANGLES ON BOTH SIDES AND LOOK LIKE A SYMMETRICAL TRIANGLE WHEN THEY ARE VIEWED FRONT ON. THE TRADITIONAL GABLE THAT MOST PEOPLE ARE FAMILIAR HAS STRAIGHT ROOFLINES BUT THERE IS ANOTHER TYPE OF GABLE CALLED A CROW-STEP GABLE WHICH, WHILE STILL FORMING A TRIANGLE, HAS ROOFLINES THAT FEATURES STEPS INSTEAD OF A STRAIGHT LINE.

KING POST ROOF TRUSS

WARREN ROOF TRUSSPRATT ROOF TRUSS

FAN ROOF TRUSSHOWE ROOF TRUSS (SHORT SPAN)

MODIFIED PRATT ROOF TRUSSFINK ROOF TRUSS

HOWE ROOF TRUSS (LONG SPAN)

FUNCTION1. PROTECTION OF RESIDENCE2. PROTECTION OF POSSESSIONS3. INSULATION4. DRAINAGE5. ENERGY HARNESSING6. ROOF GARDEN

HOWE ROOF TRUSSHAS DIAGONAL MEMBERS THAT SLANT AWAY FROM THE MIDDLE

+ECONOMICAL+LIGHT AND STRONG+SAVE MATERIAL+GREATER LIFE SPAN+LOW MAINTENANCE -LONGER BUILD TIME-MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURE

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

ROOF 120

PROCESS AND MATERIALTYPICAL GABLE ROOF

12

3

45

6

78

9

101112

13

14

15

1. RAFTER 2. COLLAR BEAM3. RIDGE BOARD4. SOLID DECKING5. FELT UNDERLAYMENT6. SHINGLES7. VENT PIPE FLASHING8. CHIMNEY FLASHING9. GUTTER

10. DOWN SPOUT11. LOOKOUT12. FACIA13. SPACED SHEATHING14. VALLEY UNDERLAYMENT15. VALLEY FLASHING

DETAIL LAYERING OF ROOFING

ROOF TILE COVER - DURABILITY AND AESTHETICS

SPACE FOR AIR MOVEMENT - VENTILATION PURPOSES BREATHABLE MEMBRANE - WATERPROOF

SPACE FOR AIR MOVEMENT - VENTILATION PURPOSES

STRUCTURAL BOARD - TO CARRY THE ROOF STRUCTURE

INTERNAL INSULATION - KEEP BUILDING IN COMFORT TEMPERATURE

FOIL LAMINATED PLASTER BOARD - INSULATION PURPOSES

COAT OF PLASTER (CEILING) - FINISHING LAYER FOR CEILING

FOUNDATIONREFERENCE

ROOF 121

CAR PORCH ROOF

UPVC GUTTER AND REAR ROOF ELVES

VENT PIPE AND FLASHING

ROOF RIDGE

FRONT ROOF ELVES

MIDDLE ROOF ELVES

LEAN FROM ROOF TO WALL FLASHING

LAYOUT OF PLANFOUNDATION ROOF

ON-SITE

122

HOWE ROOF TRUSS CONNECTION

67mm

BOLT USED

100mm

Nail shall be clinched after hammered into rafter

NAIL USED

ON-SITE

123

CAR PORCH ROOF - FLAT ROOF

50mm CEMENT CREED

RC COLUMN

HEAVY DUTY RAINWATER DOWNPIPE

RC DIVIDING KERB

UPVC REMOVEABLE DOMED GRATING

SCUPPER DRAIN SCREED TO FALL TO RWDP OUTLET

WATER FLOW DIRECTION

200 mm

CAR PORCH

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Cheaper price compared to other rood. Hard to install drainage

Low maintenance Hard to remove water

Act as extra area for more function

Easy to install

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

124

LEAN FROM ROOF TO WALL FLASHING

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE REINFORCED DOUBLE

SIDED ALUMINIUM FOIL

ROOF TILE BATTEN

20G GI FLASHING EMBEDDED INTO CEMENT PLASTER AND PAINTED

250mm

110mm THICK BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT PLASTER ON BOTH SIDE

CLASSIFIED AS APRON FLASHING

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

125

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

GOOD WATERPROOFING SYSTEM TAKE TIME TO INSTALL

FAIRLY CHEAP SHAPING ACCORDING TO ROOF TILE

LOW MAINTENANCE

LEAN FROM ROOF TO WALL FLASHINGPROCESS

FOUNDATION ROOF STEP 1 STEP 2

STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5

STEP 6 STEP 7 STEP 8

126

MIDDLE ROOF ELVES

110mm THICK BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT PLASTER ON BOTH SIDE

GI WIRE MESH TO RECEIVE CEMENT PLASTER

FASCIA BOARD WITH BUTT JOINT

10mm THICK MS DOWEL BAR EMBEDED INTO RC BEAM

125 X 50mm THICK HW WALL PLATE

RC BEAM

110mm BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT PLASTER ON EXTERNAL

REINFORCED DOUBLE SIDED ALUM. FOIL

4.5mm THICK CEMENT SAND CEILING BOARD

ROOF TILE BATTEN

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE

BARGE TILE

CONCRETE INFILL IN BETWEEN BATTEN UNDERNEATH ROOF TILES

VARIES 150 - 300 MM

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

127

FRONT ROOF ELVES

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE

REINFORCED DOUBLE SIDED ALUM. FOIL

10mm THICK MS DOWEL BAR EMBEDED INTO RC BEAM

125 X 50mm THICK HW WALL PLATE

110mm THICK BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT PLASTER ON BOTH SIDE

ROOF BEAM LEVEL

50 X 50 CEILING JOINT AT 600 C/C

9mm THICK FIBROUS PLASTER CEILING PELMET

GI WIRE MESH TO RECEIVE CEMENT PLASTER

6mm THICK SEAMLESS WATERPROOF CEILING BOARD

ROOF EAVE BATTEN

CEMENT CREED RENDER

1000mm

RC BEAM

FASCIA BOARD WITH BUTT JOINT

FOUNDATION ROOF

ROOF TRUSS

FASCIA BOARD

BUTT JOINT

The butt joint is the simplest joint to make since it merely involves cutting the wood to the appropriate length and butting them together.

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128

UPVC GUTTER AND REAR ROOF ELVES

110mm THICK BRICKWORK WITH CEMENT PLASTER ON BOTH SIDE

10mm THICK MS DOWEL BAR EMBEDED INTO RC BEAM

GYPSUM PLASTER BOARD CEILING

50 X 50 CEILING JOINT AT 600 C/C

RC BEAM

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE

4.5mm THICK CEMENT SAND CEILING BOARD

REINFORCED DOUBLE SIDED ALUM. FOIL

ROOF EAVE BATTEN

FASCIA BOARD WITH BUTT JOINT

DEBRIS TRAP

ARENSI-MARLEY SPHERA GUTTER WITH OVERALL GRITH OF 410mm, SUPPORTED ON UPVC GUTTER BRACKET AT 600mm CENTRES FIXED TO FASCIA BOARD C/W ACCESSORIES

ARENSI-MARLEY REAR OUTLET (HIDDEN SWAN NECK)

SOCKET BENT 95 DEGREE

ARENSI-MARLEY RECTANGULAR DOWN PIPE (120X80mm)

750mm

GI WIRE MESH TO RECEIVE CEMENT PLASTER

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

129

UPVC GUTTER AND REAR ROOF ELVESUPVC GUTTER INSTALLATION

FOUNDATION ROOF Waterflow through gutter system to drainage.

1. Half round gutter2. Drip edge3. Leafguard4. Gutter brackets5. Stop end6. Gutter corner7. plug -in gutter outlet8. Pipe section9. Elbow

10. Universal downpipe bracket with lightning protection attachment

11. Water butt connector12. Patented high frequency-

welded downpipe13. Cover sleeve14. Stand pipe

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130

VENTILATION PIPE AND FLASHINGUPVC VENTILATION COWL

UPVC VENTILATION PIPE

20G GI FLASHING OVER FLASH AROUND PIPE

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE

REINFORCED DOUBLE SIDED ALUM. FOIL

ROOF TILE BATTEN

100mm DIAMETER SOIL PIPE

FLASHING SHAPED INTO ROOF TILES PROFILE AND PAINTED TO COLOUR APPROVAL

ROOF TRUSS

950mm

300mm

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

131

VENTILATION PIPE AND FLASHINGFOUNDATION ROOF

STEP 2Continue the next row of shingles cutting a hole for the vent pipe. Use some asphalt roof cement under the cut shingle and around the vent pipe.

STEP 1Apply the roofing felt on the roof, cutting a hole for the vent pipe. Apply the last row of shingles that is just below the vent pipe.

STEP 3Apply cement around the vent pipe and place the vent pipe boot over the top of the pipe, covering the last course of shingles. Drive a couple of nails into the pipe boot on the top edge, in the corners. The asphalt cement, and the nails from the next course of shingles will hold the boot in position and seal it.

STEP 4Place the next course of shingles over the vent boot and install with a layer of asphalt cement. Do not over nail, nail only where and when necessary. Where nails have been used apply some asphalt cement over the head of the nail to ensure a watertight seal.

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132

ROOF RIDGE

RIDGE CAP TILES COMPLETE WITH END CAP TILE

200X50mm H/W RIDGE BOARDROOF TILE BATTEN

REINFORCED DOUBLE SIDED ALUM. FOIL

CONCRETE ROOF TILE WITH NAIL ON EVERY TILE

FOUNDATION ROOF ON-SITE

133

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE

- VERY STRONG MATERIAL - HEAVY WEIGHT

- LONG LASTING - SEALANT NEEDED

- CHEAPER THAN MANY OTHER MATERIALS

- CERTAIN PERIOD

CONCRETE ROOF TILE AND ROOF RIDGE

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS1. Galvanized iron truss will be

hoist up and secured with bolts on the designated site.

2. Double sided aluminium foil is placed on the rafters to reflect heat from the sunlight.

3. Lightweight galvanized Iron batten will be fixed along the pitch to hook the tiles securely.

4. Fascia board with butt joints are installed.

5. The concrete roof tiles are then installed on the butt joints as a cover.

6. Galvanized iron flashing is installed to prevent rainwater from entering the building

7. Lastly, water downpipe and gutters are fixed so that the rainwater can flow out of the building.

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134

BEAM AND COLUMNREFERENCE

1. Ching, Francis D. K and Cassandra Adams. Building Construction Illustrated. New York: Wiley, 2001. Print.2. Allen, Edward and Joseph Iano. Fundamentals Of Building Construction. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons, 2004. Print.3. Mitchell, Charles Frederick et al. Building Construction And Drawing. London: B.T. Batsford, 1934. Print.4. "Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns)". Slideshare.net. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 May 2016.5. Window Anatomy. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.pella.com/glossary/window-anatomy/ 6. Materials. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://www.milgard.com/materials7. Anatomy of an Exterior Door | House of Doors | House of Doors. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://houseofdoors.ca/2013/12/anatomy-of-an-

exterior-door/ 8. Types of door materials. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.build.com.au/types-door-materials 9. M. (2011, July 13). Method Statement For Construction. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://methodofconstruction.blogspot.my/2011/07/method-

statement-non-suspended-slab.html?m=1 10. H. T. (n.d.). How to Install Ceramic and Porcelain Tile Flooring. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.homedepot.

com/c/ceramic_porcelain_tile_HT_PG_FL#top 11. B. B. (n.d.). Concrete formwork for slabs. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/concrete-formwork-slabs.html 12. "How to Install Asphalt Shingles." WikiHow. Accessed May 24, 2016. http://www.wikihow.com/Install-Asphalt-Shingles.13. "Roofing Installation Process." Professional Home Improvement Company. Accessed May 24, 2016. http://www.pjfitz.com/roofing/installation-process.

php.14. Roofing: How to Install Step Flashing. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/roof/roofing-how-to-install-step-flashing/view-

all15. Frontmatter. (n.d.). Flat Roof Construction Manual Roofing Systems, Supporting Structure, Refurbishment. doi:10.11129/detail.9783034615655.fm16. Slate and Tile Roofing. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.slateandtileroofing.co.nz/bargetile.html17. Install Asphalt Shingles Around A Plumbing Vent Pipe Or Chimney. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.hammerzone.

com/archives/roof/maintenance/reshingle/install_1/vent_flashing.htm18. How To Install Shingles & Flashing Around A Vent Pipe. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.renovation-headquarters.com/shingles-vent-pipe.

htm19. Business Articles - Undefined. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://pro.homeadvisor.com/article.show.Roofing-With-Concrete-Tile.13855.html20. Why Choose Concrete Roof Tile? | Enlighten Me. (2013). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://enlightenme.com/concrete-roof-tile/21. Gutierrez, M. (1982). U.S. Patent No. 4,328,651. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.22. Design, B. (2003). Construction.23. Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2011). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. John Wiley & Sons.

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