1. ContentsDefinitionscopePHILOSOPHYWHY DO WE NEED LANDSCAPING?Landscape Design & PrinciplesChineseGardensExamples of Chinese gardens

2. Definition 3. Landscape architecture is the design of outdoorpublic areas, landmarks, and structures to achieveenvironmental, social-behavioral, or aestheticoutcomes.A practitioner in the profession of landscapearchitecture is called a landscape architect. 4. scope 5. scope:- urban design- site planning- storm-water management- town or urban planning- environmental restoration- parks and recreation planning- visual resource management- green infrastructure planning and provision- residence landscape master planning anddesign 6. PHILOSOPHY 7. ANCIENT GARDENISLAMIC GARDENJAPANESE/ROCK/ZEN GARDENCHINESE GARDENEUROPEAN GARDEN : FRENCHBAROQUENEO NUSANTARA/TRADITIONALBALISACRET GARDEN 8. ISLAMIC GARDENThe Islamic notion of paradiseincluded water, shade, flowersand fruit trees.It was an enclosed garden,shutting out the harshness ofthe surrounding landscape.There were norepresentational sculptures.) (Shade was provided bycanopies and pavilions.Fractal geometry has been akey utility, especially formosques and palaces.The role of domes in Islamicarchitecture. 9. ISLAMIC GARDEN 10. JAPANESE/ROCK/ZENGARDENGardens were influencedmainly by Zen Buddhism,Taoism and Shintoism.All of the gardens arerepresentations of nature.The Buddhist influence makesthe garden a quiet place,allowing people to look backand reflect upon themselves, ormeditate.Bonsai trees.The essential elements to aJapanese garden--water, gardenplants, stones, waterfalls, trees,and bridges. 11. JAPANESE/ROCK/ZENGARDEN 12. CHINESE GARDENThe Chinese (Scholar's) Garden isa place for solitary or socialcontemplation of nature.To be considered authentic, agarden must be built and plannedaround seventeen essentialelements.The design of Chinese gardenswas to provide a spiritual utopiafor one to connect with nature, tocome back to one's inner heart, tocome back to ancient idealism.They used plants as symbols.Bamboo was used in everytraditional Chinese garden.This is because bamboorepresents a strong but resilientcharacter. 13. CHINESE GARDEN 14. NEO NUSANTARA/TRADITIONALMalaysian Garden (NeoNusantara) is its outdoorliving designs concept, whichis based primarily onMalaysian culture and craft.Tropical garden conceptwhich is rich in cultures anddiverse traditions for yourgarden for home.It is a sanctuary and a placewhere you can rejuvenateyour sense of sight, sound,touch, smell, and taste. 15. CHINESE GARDEN 16. WHY DO WE NEED LANDSCAPING? 17. Can increase estheticvalue and beautificationfor indoor and outdoorlandscape. 18. Fences serve severalpurposes for your home.A nice fence can not onlykeep pets & children inyour yard, but they canalso be a beautiful way ofmarking property lines,giving privacy fromneighbours, or even justan accent to yourlandscaping. 19. Landscape Design & Principlesgenerally 20. The 5 basic elements of landscape designare:ColorFormLine of sightScale or balanceTexture 21. ColorColor theory is often used in landscapedesign by dividing the color spectrum into 4categories:Primary : reds, yellows and blues.Secondary : greens, violets (purples) andoranges.Tertiary : Mixtures of the primary andsecondary categories.Neutral : White, grays and silvers. 22. The spectrum is shown as a wheel, divided into slices that stand for the colors.Using color theory landscapers use this wheel:to choose adjacent colorsin the spectrum to provideunityor juxtapose items directlyacross from each other onthe wheel for contrast. 23. A simple way to achieve unity is to:match warm colors to warm colors(red, yellow and orange)Cool Colors to cool colors (blue,purple and green). 24. Proper use of color theory can influence the mood felt in a yard.warm colors tend toexcite the viewercolors like red arenatural for focal pointscool colors are morelikely to relax the viewer.colors like blue area logical choice formeditation gardens. 25. Beginning gardeners planttheir favorite colors with littleor no planningadvanced gardeners use thecolor theory to make theirplantings create mood andstyle! 26. formIn landscape design terminology, form is the shape of a plant.Uprightovalcolumnarspreadingbroad spreadingweeping 27. Tall plants create a vertical look, drawing the eye upwardLow spreading plants drawthe eye to the horizon.Use individual specimen plantsto break monotony and createinterest.A mixture of a variety of formbecomes confusing 28. Line of sightThe line of sight is the viewer'seye movement or flow beinginfluenced by the arrangementof plants and their borders.Eye movement isunconsciously affected by theway plant groupings fit or flowtogether, both on the horizontaland vertical planes. 29. Hedges or rows of plantsdirect the attention to a focalpoint or specific areaMeandering lines or curvesslow movement and create anatural, undisturbed feeling. 30. Scale and Balancethe visual relationship of the landscape components, relative to size.Equal sizes on both sides of the landscape gives balance 31. Symmetrical the repeating of theelements on either side of an axis (animaginary central line)Asymmetrical equal size or weighton both sides of the axis, withoutrepeating specific elements 32. texture is the touch or visual surface quality ofan object, or plantThe texture of a plant's foliage or bloom canbe viewed as coarse, medium or fine.Texture 33. Chinese Gardens 34. Classical Chinese garden also can be called traditionalChinesegarden.With its long history, rich cultural significance, specialcharacteristics, and charming artistic enchantment, it hasbeen regarded the most important and leading gardeningsystem among the gardening systems in the world.The Chinese consider gardens a serious art .The art of the Chinese garden is closely related toChinese landscape painting - it is not a literal imitationof a natural landscape, but the capturing of its essenceand spirit. It is a landscape painting in three dimensionsThe garden is created by the human hand, but shouldappear as if created by heaven. 35. Now China has about 1,000 classicalgardens. The most important examplesof Chinese landscape gardens arelocated inBeijing, Chengdeand citiessouth ofthe Yangtzeriver such asSuzhou andWuxi. 36. History of classical ChinesegardenThe art of Chinese garden has a history ofmore than 3,000 years. The Records of theHistorian, tells that in the Shang Dynasty, therewere special places, called You for therulers to enjoy the beauty of nature.After Emperor Qin Shihuang of the QinDynasty(221BC-206BC) unified China,Shanglin Garden was built. It shows that thegarden was called yuan. 37. In the Western Han Dynasty people begun tobuild private gardens.The development of classical Chinese gardenduring the 400 years in the Han Dynasty laidthe foundation for the art of Chinesegardens.In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the art ofChinese garden matured.Private gardens in the Song Dynasty alsodeveloped rapidly. 38. Thecharacteristics 39. The creation of classical Chinese gardens dependedon mountains, rivers, buildings,plants, animals andeven the weather.In these gardens usually the ground is like that of amountain area.This kind of garden layout imitates real terrain.The hills in classical gardens provide naturalsurroundings for visitors.Looking at the hills, people feel as if they live in amountains area and enjoy the beauty and stillness ofnature. 40. RocksWaterPlantsStructuresElements for creating thegarden 41. Decorative rocks, sometimes termed Chinesescholars rocks , are used both for structural andsculptural purposes.The sculptural Taihu rock is especially prizedbecause it represents wisdom and immortality, and isonly procurable from Tai Lake, just west of Suzhou.During the Song dynasty, they were the mostexpensive objects in the empire. Such rocks,combined with streams and pools, form the basis of agarden's planThe Chinese word for landscape, shan shui, literallymeans "mountains and waters" while a commonphrase for making a garden means "digging pondsand piling mountains".Rocks 42. Rocks 43. Water is the blood of a traditional Chinese garden.The most important element of a garden is water, inany form: ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and water-falls.The movement of flowing water gives pulsating lifeto the gardens cliff, stones, bushes and flowers.Water 44. Water 45. Trees and flowers, especially in private gardens, are carefullyselectedfor the overall layout of the gardens, because of the limitedspace.Plants and flowers reflecting the beauty of the four seasons areplanted.In spring, peach trees blossom;in summer, lotuses blossom;in autumn, the maple leaves change color;and in winter, the evergreen, bamboo and plum trees providegreenery.Among the most popular flowers are lotuses, peonies,chrysanthemums and orchids.Special flowers are planted to attract bees and butterflies.These small insets make the gardens more lively.Plants 46. peonylotuseplumAzaleaPlants 47. Among the most important structures of gardenground are walkways, pavilions and bridges.Timber frame construction plays a decisiverole here. Pavilion-like houses have neither aharsh nor dominant effect, but rather bendeffortlessly into their general surroundings.More specificly, we can divide the structures inclassical Chinese gardens into the following :Lobby, Corridor ,Parlour, Waterside Kiosk ,StoriedChamber , Bridge ,Storied Pavilion , Pagoda, Kiosk ,Wall .Structures 48. Categories of classical Chinese garden 49. There are two major ways to classify Chinese gardens.First, they can be classified into imperial gardens and privategardens according the ownerships of the gardens.Second, in terms of geographical location,there are northern garden, which are mostly found in Luoyang,Kaifeng, and Beijing, with those in Beijing as representatives;gardens in the lower Yangtze River valley, which are mostly found inNanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and Hangzhou, with those in Suzhou as the mostrepresentative; and the Lingnan school of gardens, which are found inGuangzhou, Dongguan and Shunde.Categories 50. Ways of creating the gardens ViewGenerally speaking, the Chinese architectuers oftenuse the following ways to creat a garden and recreatethe nature.obstructive scenery( blocking view ) ,adding the view,vista line (vista) , opposite scenery (view in oppositeplace) ,enframed scenery , leaking through scenery ,borrowed scenery, view borrowing . 51. Japanesegardens 52. Japanese gardens are a combination of many complex factors likehistory ,social structure and religion.The Japanese people were relatively late developers in the field ofhorticulture and creating gardens when compared with othercivilizations.Core values of Japanese gardening have been largely shaped byChinese culture and tradition.Religion ,in particular Buddhism ,also had a major influence onJapanese gardening.According to Shintoism ,the native religion of Japan everything innature is sacred; trees, plants, and rocks.They used white gravel in temples as to keep areas clean and whiteas a means of enticing the spirits and gods to visit these places.Shintoism is not much the worship of rocks ,but the veneration ofthe spirit that created those obje ct s . 53. Types of Japanese Gardens1. The large park or stroll gardens (whichare in effect public parks with ponds and lakes).2. The Zen temple gardens (which are usuallydry landscape gardens).3. Tea gardens.4. Courtyard gardens. 54. Legacy of ancient Chinese imperial parktradition .The Chinese imperial hunting parks completewith vast man-made lakes and miniaturemountains and islands.Stroll Gardens 55. The imperial gardens were created on a massivescale and filled with all manner of choiceindigenous plants, shrubs, and trees. 56. Zen GardensAlso described as gardens of emptiness, Notgardens in conventional sense of word, but sublimeworks of art.Generally, a garden that has nothing but a few barerocks in patch of sand. 57. On first impression teagarden appears to besimply a small Japanesegarden consisting of afew stepping stonesplus a lantern, waterbasin and tiny hut.Tea gardens 58. The traditional tea garden is in fact two gardenin one.There is the simple outer garden, where guestgather in a waiting area, and the inner gardenthat contains the tea house. 59. The outer garden isapproached by astepping stone path, litby a rough stonelantern.The tea garden isessentially a small gardenno bigger than thepassage way of a normalsuburban house includingthe backyard.The stepping stone pathleads to the waiting areawhich has a simple hut likestructure with a benchoften referred to as thewaiting pavilion. 60. The entrance area, whichincorporates the steppingstone path is the outergarden.Beyond this is the innergarden, which has the teahouse 61. The Japanesecourtyards are notlarge areas, infact are verysmall spacesseldom more thanfifty to a hundredsquare feet insize.Courtyardgarden 62. A simple arrangement ofgravel and a few rocksor just a minimalistplanting of bamboo orrush will do the trick. 63. DESIGN PRINCIPLE 64. A common design principle found in most Japanesegarden is the use of asymmetry.Plants and trees are often arranged in anasymmetric fashion, as are fences and hedges.asymmetry 65. The clever use of space is unique where emptyspaces are deliberately left unfiled to createfeeling of spaciousness and uncluttered calm.empty spaces 66. In this type of garden you will not find any plant orwater but it is present in a symbolic sense:Symbolism 67. Plants are representedby moss that surroundsthe rock.Water is represented byraked gravel 68. There are three indispensable or keyelements without which a Japanesegarden cannot be made:1-Rocks2-Plants3-WaterOther subsidiary elements:FencesGatesLanternsPathsElements of Japanese garden 69. The trees and plants are chosen not just for theirbeauty and gracefulness but also for their symbolism.The deep greens of pines symbolize timeless andlongevity, while the colors of the maples and cherriesreflect the changing seasons.Plants 70. TypesAucuba japonica:evergreen shrub which comein many varieties rangingfrom deep green to variegatedgolden foliage.It is a tough plant andcan survive in poorsoil and dry conditions. 71. Cotoneaster: low spreading bush with colorful berries and lovelyfoliage.Types 72. Choisya ternata: it is evergreen and has lovely glossy foliageand that is aromatic and very fragrant flowers,popularly known as Mexican orange.Types 73. Azaleas: a semi evergreen shrub, bloom in April andearly may and are mostly pink, white and purplein color.Types 74. Viburnum:they all have very interesting foliage and flowers witha typical large garden tree in japan.Types 75. Nandina domestica:sometimes called the sacred bamboo, verygraceful plant and semi evergreen which isgrown both for its beautiful foliage and crimsonberries.Types 76. Fatsia japonica:large dark green glossy leaves, good for shadyareas, often seen as a house plant this makes ita fine shrub.Types 77. Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew):they make extremely handsome trees as theyare easy to maintain and slow growing,Types 78. Pinus thumbergii (black pine):it is the most popular pine forgarden work in Japan.The needles are deep greenand the bark almost jet black. 79. Pinus parviflora (white pine): it is a compact treewith grayish white needles and branches thatforms beautiful distinctive pads. 80. Acers: it is a small tree but in mountains ofJapan they can grow as tall as eighty feet. 81. The rocks are like the coordinates of a garden project.Choosing the right type of rock and positioning themon right place.Rocks 82. Choice of rocks: size shape color,and textureSize is meaningful only when viewed in the context of thescale of the garden & its relationship with theneighboring rocks and other artifacts.Variation in rock sizes offer greater contrast & interestresulting in the more dynamic arrangement of rocks.Rocks 83. Rocks are often used to represent islandsand mountains, so conical or dome shapewould be the obvious choice.Colors, generally bright colors are avoided.Color of rocks generally varies from grey toblack, and from yellow to brick red onother hand.Rocks 84. Texture, one of the vital characteristics ofany rock.A jagged textured rock gives feeling oftimelessness and dignity.Smooth rocks like water worn stones orglacial boulders convey the feeling ofantiquity especially when combined in aninteresting shape.Rocks 85. Placement of rocks :Placing of rocks in Japanese gardens is quite rhythmicjust like a music composition where individual rocks actsas musical notes.Certain guidelines or ground rules are followed toachieve good results such as :RocksRocks of varying sizes are used to emphasize thecontrast.Generally asymmetric arrangement of rocks is preferredover symmetrical arrangement.Sometimes there is a tradition for arranging the rocks toreflect the philosophical concept heaven, earth andman. 86. Water is used not just for its visual quality, but also for itssound.The Japanese have learnt to exploit the sound of water inall its various form.it varies from powerful waterfall to water falling into a waterbasin, creating different emotions.water 87. Lanterns ,bridges, fences, water basins andeven stepping stones and paths come in thecategory.Fences and paths are uniquely JapaneseAccessories 88. Accessories 89. Accessories 90. Examples of Chinese gardens 91. Examples of Chinese gardens 92. Examples of Chinese gardens 93. Examples of Chinese gardens 94. Examples of Chinese gardens 95. Examples of Chinese gardens 96. Examples of Chinese gardens 97. Done byarch. Alaa Al-Barmawi