Chapter 3Chapter 3

The Video The Video Camera Camera

Parts of the Camera Parts of the Camera

It includes:It includes:– The imaging device (CCD)The imaging device (CCD)– lenslens– ViewfinderViewfinder– CameraCamera

Lens

PARTS OF THE CAMERAThe main parts of a television (video) camera are the lens, the camera itself with the imaging device, and the viewfinder.

Charge-Coupled Device Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) (CCD)

The imaging device in a The imaging device in a television camera. television camera.

The place where the light The place where the light reflected from a scene is reflected from a scene is converted into an electrical signalconverted into an electrical signal

Digital & Analog Digital & Analog TelevisionTelevision

RGBRGB Red, green, and blueRed, green, and blue

The basic colors of television.The basic colors of television.

BEAM SPLITTERThe beam splitter splits the incoming white light (representing the picture as seen by the lens) into RGB (red, green, and blue) light beams and directs them to their respective CCDs.

Pixel Pixel

Short for picture element. A single Short for picture element. A single imaging element that can be imaging element that can be identified by a computer. The identified by a computer. The more pixels, the higher the more pixels, the higher the picture quality. picture quality.

Digital & Analog Digital & Analog TelevisionTelevision

PixelPixel

*NOTE: The more *NOTE: The more pixels, the higher pixels, the higher resolutionresolution

EFPEFP(Electronic Field (Electronic Field Production)Production)

Television production outside Television production outside the studio that is usually shot the studio that is usually shot for postproduction (not live). for postproduction (not live).

ENGENG(Electronic News (Electronic News Gathering)Gathering)

The use of portable camcorders or The use of portable camcorders or cameras with separate portable VTRs, cameras with separate portable VTRs, lights, and sound equipment for the lights, and sound equipment for the production of daily news stories. production of daily news stories.

ENG is usually not planned in advance and ENG is usually not planned in advance and is usually transmitted live or after is usually transmitted live or after immediate postproduction.immediate postproduction.

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Studio CameraStudio Camera

High-quality camera and zoom High-quality camera and zoom lens that cannot be maneuvered lens that cannot be maneuvered properly without the aid of a properly without the aid of a pedestal or some other type of pedestal or some other type of camera mount. camera mount.

Two types of ChannelsTwo types of Channelsconcerning colorconcerning color

Chrominance ChannelChrominance ChannelLuminance Channel Luminance Channel

Chrominance Channel Chrominance Channel

The color (chroma) channels The color (chroma) channels within the color camera. within the color camera.

A separate chrominance channel A separate chrominance channel is responsible for each of the is responsible for each of the three basic color signals: red, three basic color signals: red, green, and blue. green, and blue.

The Television CameraThe Television Camera

ChrominanceChrominance

Luminance Channel Luminance Channel

A separate channel within color A separate channel within color cameras that deals with cameras that deals with brightness variations and allows brightness variations and allows them to produce a signal them to produce a signal receivable on a black-and-white receivable on a black-and-white television. television.

The Television CameraThe Television Camera

LuminanceLuminance

3 Basic Color Attributes 3 Basic Color Attributes

BrightnessBrightness Hue Hue Saturation Saturation

Brightness Brightness The color attribute that The color attribute that

determines how dark or light a determines how dark or light a color appears on the color appears on the monochrome television screen or monochrome television screen or how much light the color reflects. how much light the color reflects.

Hue Hue

One of the three basic color One of the three basic color attributes; hue is the color itself-attributes; hue is the color itself-red, green, yellow, and so on. red, green, yellow, and so on.

SaturationSaturation

The color attribute that describes The color attribute that describes a color’s richness or strength. a color’s richness or strength.

The Television CameraThe Television Camera

SaturationSaturation

Gain Gain

Electronic amplification of the Electronic amplification of the video signal, boosting primarily video signal, boosting primarily picture brightness. picture brightness.

Operating Light Level Operating Light Level

Amount of light needed by the Amount of light needed by the camera to produce a video signal. camera to produce a video signal. Also called baselight level. Also called baselight level.

Contrast Ratio Contrast Ratio

The difference between the The difference between the brightest and the darkest portions brightest and the darkest portions in the picturein the picture

The Television CameraThe Television Camera Contrast RatioContrast Ratio

Resolution Resolution

The measurement of picture The measurement of picture detail. Resolution is influenced by detail. Resolution is influenced by the imaging device, the lens, and the imaging device, the lens, and the television set that shows the the television set that shows the camera picture. camera picture.

3.14 LOW-RESOLUTION IMAGE

This low-resolution picture has relatively few pixels that make up the image.

3.15 HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGE

This high-resolution picture has a relatively high number of pixels that make up the image.

Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Signal-to-Noise (S/N) RatioRatio

The relation of the strength of the The relation of the strength of the desired signal to the desired signal to the accompanying electronic accompanying electronic interference (the noise). interference (the noise).

A high S/N ratio is desirable A high S/N ratio is desirable (strong video or audio signal (strong video or audio signal relative to weak noise). relative to weak noise).

Iris or ApertureIris or Aperture

A hole or an opening through which light travels.

White BalanceWhite Balance

The adjustments of the color The adjustments of the color circuits in the camera to produce circuits in the camera to produce a white color in lighting of various a white color in lighting of various color temperatures (relative color temperatures (relative reddishness or bluishness of reddishness or bluishness of white light). white light).

CP14 WHITE BALANCE

To counteract tinting caused by variations in color temperature, it is necessary to white-balance the camera. This adjusts the RGB channels to compensate for the unwanted color cast and make white look white.

CP14 WHITE BALANCE

To counteract tinting caused by variations in color temeperature, it is necessary to white-balance the camera. This adjusts the RGB channels to compensate for the unwanted color cast and make white look white.

Chroma Key EffectChroma Key Effect

The ability for the computer or an The ability for the computer or an editing device to recognize a editing device to recognize a certain color and remove or certain color and remove or replace it completelyreplace it completely

A. In this chroma key, the weathercaster stands in front of a blue background.

CHROMA-KEY EFFECT: WEATHERCAST

B. During the key the blue background is replaced by this computer-enhanced satellite photo.

CHROMA-KEY EFFECT: WEATHERCAST

C. The weathercaster seems to be standing in front of the satellite photo.

CHROMA-KEY EFFECT: WEATHERCAST

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Control RoomControl Room

A room adjacent to the studio A room adjacent to the studio in which the crew can perform in which the crew can perform their various production their various production functions.functions.

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FeedFeedSignal transmission from Signal transmission from one program source to one program source to anotheranother

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IntercomIntercom

The most widely used system has The most widely used system has telephone headsets to facilitate telephone headsets to facilitate voice communication on several voice communication on several wired or wireless channels. wired or wireless channels.

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LightingLighting

Manipulation to provide the camera Manipulation to provide the camera with adequate illumination for with adequate illumination for technically acceptable pictures; to tell technically acceptable pictures; to tell us what the objects on-screen actually us what the objects on-screen actually look like; and to establish the general look like; and to establish the general mood of the event.mood of the event.

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Line MonitorLine MonitorThe monitor that shows only the line-The monitor that shows only the line-out pictures that go on the air or on out pictures that go on the air or on videotape. videotape.

Also called master monitor or program Also called master monitor or program monitor.monitor.

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Preview Preview MonitorMonitor(1) Any monitor that shows a (1) Any monitor that shows a video source, except for the line video source, except for the line (master) and off-the-air (master) and off-the-air monitors. monitors. (2) A monitor that shows the (2) A monitor that shows the director the picture to be used director the picture to be used for the next shot.for the next shot.

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Line outLine out

The line that carries the The line that carries the final video or audio output final video or audio output for broadcast.for broadcast.

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Master Master ControlControlNerve center for all telecasts. Nerve center for all telecasts. Controls the program input, Controls the program input, storage, and retrieval for on-storage, and retrieval for on-the-air telecasts. Also oversees the-air telecasts. Also oversees technical quality of all program technical quality of all program material.material.

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TripodTripod

A three legged device that will A three legged device that will keep the camera steady and keep the camera steady and remove the need to hold the remove the need to hold the camera with your hands.camera with your hands.– “A cheap camera on a good tripod will always

look better than a good camera on a cheap tripod.”

Setting up a TripodSetting up a Tripod

When setting up a tripod to shoot people, the camera should level with the subject's eyes, unless you want a high angle or low angle shot

Setting up the TripodSetting up the Tripod

For the greatest stability, extend the thickest legs first.

The center post should be elevated only as a last resort.

The legs should be positioned so that they are not be kicked by the operator’s feet.

Setting up the TripodSetting up the Tripod

Most students tend over tighten adjustments to the point where they strip the threads.

Use no more than two fingers when tightening.

TV CameraTV Camera

The best way to learn professional production techniques is to watch television.

Constantly ask yourself and your students why the professional did what they did.