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International
byRalph E. Lerner
590 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10022(212) 521-4437
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Autocephalous Church v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts
The Byzantine Mosaics
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* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State Property
NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL PROPERTY THROUGH
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NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL PROPERTY THROUGH
* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State Property
* EMBARGO LAWS
-- Prohibit Export of Cultural Objects
-- Jacques Walters’ Dilemma:
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NATIONS RETAIN CULTURAL PROPERTY THROUGH
* EXPROPRIATION LAWS
-- Cultural Objects Declared State Property
* EMBARGO LAWS
-- Prohibit Export of Cultural Objects
-- Jacques Walters’ Dilemma:
* PREEMPTION LAWS
-- State/Domestic Institutions Have a Preemptive Right to Buy
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* EXPROPRIATION LAWS* EMBARGO LAWS* PREEMPTION LAWS* A COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE ARE
GENERALLY FOUND IN SOURCE NATIONS
RETENTION SCHEMES/EXPORT CONTROL:
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SOURCE NATIONS
* Have the Most Extensive Retention Schemes
* Rich in Cultural Property
* Short on Foreign Exchange
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SOURCE NATIONS
* Have the Most Extensive Retention Schemes
* Rich in Cultural Property
* Short on Foreign Exchange
MARKET NATIONS
* Wealthier Nations* Likely to Import Cultural Property
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TREATIES SIGNED BY U.S. SUPPORTING RETENTION POLICIES:
* 1970 TREATY WITH MEXICO
-- Bans Exportation of Pre-Columbian Objects
-- Subject to Seizure in U.S. and Return to Mexico Without Compensation to Buyer
* 1981 TREATY WITH PERU-- Similar to Treaty with Mexico
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* PRE-COLUMBIAN STATUTE OF 1972
-- Bans U.S. Import of Monumental Pre-Columbian Sculpture & Fragments
-- Applies to 13 Latin American Nations-- Recognizes 13 Nations’ Export Laws
* NATIONAL STOLEN PROPERTY ACT
-- Bans Transport, Sale, Receipt, or Concealment of Stolen Goods in Foreign Commerce
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* CULTURAL PROPERTY IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1983
-- U.S. Adherence to UNESCO Art. 7(b)
- No U.S. Import: STOLEN Cultural Property
- Property: Museum, or Public Monument
- Recover/Return Property to Member Nation
- Pay Just Compensation to Innocent Buyer
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* CULTURAL PROPERTY IMPLEMENTATION ACT OF 1983
-- U.S. Adherence to UNESCO Art. 9
- U.S. Restricts Import of Cultural Property that is Part of National Patrimony IF:
* Property in Jeopardy of Pillage
* Other Nation a Member of UNESCO
* Nation Made Request to U.S. President
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U.S. v. Hollinshead
9th Circuit 1974
*Prosecution: the National Stolen Property Acthttp://www.RalphRLerner.com/
U.S. v. McClain
5th Circuit 1979
*Prosecution: the National Stolen Property Acthttp://www.RalphRLerner.com/
U.S. v. Antique Platter of Gold/Steinhardt
2d Circuit -- 1999
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THE U.S. FOREFEITURE IN STEINHARDT WAS BASED ON 2
THEORIES:
1) Importation of Merchandise in a Manner Contrary to Law
-- falsely identifying country of origin as Switzerland (not Italy) on customs forms
*Steinhardt: false statements were not material; “But for” standard;
*U.S.: false statements WERE material; “Natural tendency” test;
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2) Importation of Stolen Property: NSPA Violation
-- S.D.N.Y. held: an Object is considered “Stolen” if a foreign country assumed ownership through
Patrimony laws
-- S.D.N.Y. followed McClain
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2) Importation of Stolen Property: NSPA Violation
--S.D.N.Y. held: an Object is considered “Stolen” if a foreign country assumed ownership through Patrimony
laws
--S.D.N.Y. followed McClain
2D CIRCUIT AFFIRMED ON ISSUE #1;
2D CIRCUIT DID NOT REACH McCLAIN
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