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1 Challenge the future 1 Challenge the future Electronic Power Conversion Introduction

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Page 1: 1. Introduction

1 Challenge the future 1 Challenge the future

Electronic Power Conversion Introduction

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2 Introduction

Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119) •  Lecturers: Dr. Jelena Popović-Gerber (LB 3.630) [email protected]

•  Material: - Study guide (see Blackboard)

- Book: “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design” Authors: Mohan, Undeland, Robins Publisher: Wiley, 2nd or 3rd ed. available at the ETV for about € 50,- Book is used for ET3165, ET4119, ET4116 & ET4145

•  Additional material: “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”

Authors: R.W. Erickson, D. Maksimovic Publisher: Springer; 2nd ed.

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3 Introduction

Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119)

•  Practicals: 3 half days; subscribe in pairs H.J.M. Olsthoorn, [email protected]

•  Exam: Written, closed book, January/June (April) •  Homeworks: 3 homeworks, each worth 2 points towards final mark •  Examination requirements: see study guide •  Blackboard: - study guide; course objectives - sheets - answers to problems - exams

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Additional Info

•  http://www.ipes.ethz.ch/ educational module basic power electronic circuits – Java applets

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5 Introduction

Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119)

•  Intro (Ch1) • Overview power semiconductors (Ch2) • Review of basics (Ch3) • Diode rectifiers (Ch5) • DC-DC converters (Ch7) • DC-AC converters (Ch8) •  Isolated power supplies (Ch10) •  Power electronics applications

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6 Introduction

What is Power Electronics?

•  Power electronics is a technology for converting, controlling and conditioning the flow of electrical energy from the source to the load according to the requirements of the load.

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7 Introduction

Source: CPES, ECPE seminar

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8 Introduction

Conversion Efficiency • High conversion efficiency:

•  Efficient energy usage (cost); •  Loss → heat→ additional components for heat removal→ negatively influences size and cost.

Pin Pout

Loss

Power processor

η = Pout/Pin = (Pin-Ploss )/Pin

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Example • Comparison of 2 desktop computer power supplies

• η1=75% • η2=95% • Pout=500W • Ploss1=167W • Ploss2=26W • ∆Ploss=141W • Annual energy consumption saving

•  141W*24h*365→1235kWh*0.2€/kWh=247€ •  per computer! •  NL: 0.8 computers per person – 12million computers 3 billion euros

(1 )

(1 )

loss in

out

P = PP

η

ηη

−

= −

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10 Introduction

Linear vs. Switching Power Conversion •  Linear dc power supply •  Example: 230V ac to 5V dc •  Transistor operates in active

region

Cons: •  Dissipation in transistor; •  Vdmin>Vo; •  Heavy & bulky line transformer;

Pros: •  Less electromagnetic noise;

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11 Introduction

Linear vs. Switching Power Conversion • Switch-mode dc power supply •  Example: 230V ac to 5V dc

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12 Introduction

Linear vs. Switching Power Conversion Output voltage control through duty ratio

0sT

oi0s

ond d

s

1v = v dtT

t= V = D VT

∫

Pros: •  High effciency •  Small hf transformer, L and C

Cons: •  Noisy;

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13 Introduction

How? “Processing of electrical energy with semiconductors by means of a non-dissipative switching process.”

Source:CPES@ECPE seminar

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14 Introduction

Power Electronic System

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Power Electronic Processor •  PE processor (converter): basic block of PE systems

Example: motor drive

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Power Electronic Processor • Generic term: converter (omzetter) • On the basis of the form of input and output

•  ac to dc (rectification, gelijkrichten) •  dc to ac (inversion, wisselrichten) •  dc to dc •  ac to ac

• On the basis of the type of switching •  line-frequency (naturally) commutated •  forced commutated •  (quasi) resonant

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Power Electronic Converter – Fundamental Functions

•  Switching function •  Controls energy flow

•  Electromagnetic energy storage function components •  Enables energy continuity when interrupted by switching function

• Conduction function •  Guides energy flow through the converter

• Control/information function •  Enables relationship between the three functions above

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ET3165 PE&EMC ET4119 Electronic Power Conversion ET4116 PE Components ET4003 Power Electromagnetics ET4117 Electrical Machines and Drives

Power Electronics – Interdisciplinary Technology

Cooling technology

Packaging (materials,

interconnections)

Manufacturing technology Environmental

impact technology

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19 Introduction

Power Electronics Applications • Wide power range applications

•  mW – portable electronics → GW – energy transmission lines

Source:ECPE

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20 Introduction

Applications - Residential Lighting

Personal computers

Home appliances

All images source: Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA

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21 Introduction

Applications - Commercial Air conditioning

UPS

Elevators

All images source: Wikimedia Commons CC-BY-SA

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22 Introduction

Applications - Industrial

Variable Speed Drives (fans, pumps, compressors)

Induction heating

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23 Introduction

Application - Transportation

Hybrid locomotive

Source: GE

Source: Bombardier

Tram

Hybrid car

Source: Toyota

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Application – Utility Systems HVDC

(High Voltage DC Transmission)

Source: ABB

Source: ABB

FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)

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Applications – Renewable Energy Sources

Wind turbine

Source: GE@ECPE seminar

Source: Aalborg University @ECPE seminar

Photovoltaic systems

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26 Introduction

Power Electronics Growth •  Societal, Economic and Environmental Megatrends

Mobility

Hybrid and electric vehicles

More electric aircraft/ship

Trains

Energy savings

Utility systems -Smart Grid

Intelligent power management

Energy efficiency

Information &

Communication PC

Internet

Portable electronics Comfort

& Health

Electrification

Body implants

Wireless sensor networks

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27 Introduction

Energy Efficiency – the Role of Power Electronics

•  Energy saving ubiquitous topic globally; •  Various EU and international programmes and policies: Intelligent

Energy Programme, Energy Star •  EC plan: reduce total energy consumption by 20% by 2020; •  Power electronics savings potential: 1150TWh or 30% of the

predicted EU-25 electricity consumption; •  40% of total energy consumption is electrical energy → power

electronics can achieve half of the target!

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28 Introduction

Major Consumers of Electrical Energy – Savings Potential

Source: ZVEI, Siemens, CEMEP, CPES, EPA, NRDC

Today: 40% out of the overall energy consumption is electrical energy C

onsu

mer

s el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y (w

w)

Energy Split: ww Energy saving potential

Key technology

Con. power supply: - stand-by, - active, … I&C, Computing power supply, …

EC-Ballast Daylight dimming HID, LED, …

Factory autom. Process engineering, Heavy industry, Light industry, … Transportation: Train, Bus, Car, … Home appliance: Fridge, WM, HVAC, …

80+ / 90+

Electronic control

IGBT Modules CiPOS EMCON CoolMOS CT Optimized µC 8 bit / 16 bit / 32 bit

>90% >>1%

>>1%

>25%

>30%

>25%

>40%

CoolMOS, SiC Smart control IC CoolSET CoolMOS, SiC, Smart control IC, Low cost µC

CoolMOS Smart ballast IC Low cost µC

Others 14%

Internet 10%

Lighting 21%

Motor control 55%

- stand-by - active

Variable Speed Drive (VSD)

VSD + Bi-directional energy flow

VSD

Source: Infineon, ECPE seminar “Energy Efficiency-The Role of Power Electronics”

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29 Introduction

29 Source: Infineon, ECPE seminar “Energy Efficiency-The Role of Power Electronics”

Energy Savings Potential – Motor Drives

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30 Introduction

Source: ABB, ECPE seminar “Energy Efficiency-The Role of Power Electronics”

Energy Savings Potential – Home

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31 Introduction

Image credits

• All uncredited diagrams are from the book “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design” by N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland and W.P. Robbins.

• All other uncredited images are from research done at the EWI faculty.


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