Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

Age of Exploration

Three countries sponsored early explorers.

France

England

Spain

2. The Renaissance will help begin the Age of Exploration!

New Ideas!

New Inventions!

Curiosity!

Motives for Exploration

G...OLD--

G…LORY

G..OD--

The First G: Gold Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for, but

remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after.

Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system

Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!)

Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.)

This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges, the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and that to make your kingdom strong you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms

The second G: Glory

Just like the first G, Gold, Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe

Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement

With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible

Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreadsThe Triumph of Fame, a

Flemish tapestry from 1502.

The third G: God As members of a universalizing religion,

Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing

Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up

Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity

Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active

Effects of Exploration

Good:

Doors to the Americas were opened

A ‘New World’ was discovered

Bad:

Natives got diseases that killed them

Natives lost their freedom, customs and pride

II. The European Voyages of Discovery

A. Causes of European Expansion

1. Economics

2. Desire for Spices

3. Religious Fervor

4. Renaissance Curiosity

5. Lack of Economic Opportunity at Home

6. Government Power

B. Technology and the Rise of Exploration

1. Stronger Ships

2. Improvements in Cartography

3. New Technology

What were the new technologies that enabled explorations?

Technological Advancements Caravel• Charts – with details on the

distances between ports & the coastlines,

• Cartography – the art of map-making – 1477 - Ptolemy’s Geography showed 3continents (Europe, Asia & Africa) & 2 oceans

• Compass – telling direction • Astrolabe – latitude; North star is

not visible south of the Equator• Sea-worth ships – axial rudder allowed them to sail against the wind

• Knowledge of wind patterns

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesBetter Maps

[Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

I. World Contacts Before Columbus

A. The Trade World of the Indian Ocean

1. Trade Routes

2. The Chinese Economy

3. Chinese Voyages of Exploration

4. India

Admiral Zheng He-Admiral Zheng He-before the before the

EuropeansEuropeans!!

Admiral Zheng He-Admiral Zheng He-before the before the

EuropeansEuropeans!!

1371-1435

Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

Zheng He 1405-1433 – 7 naval

expeditions led by a Muslim Chinese Admiral

Chinese merchants remained active in SE Asian waters, but China lost a chance to become a dominant world trading power

•From China’s viewpoint since internal economic development flourished, there was no need for foreign products,– Their withdrawal opened opportunities for European expansion

•

Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages

In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

II. The European Voyages of Discovery

C. The Portuguese Overseas Empire

1. Favorable Geography

2. Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)

3. Bartholomew Diaz and Vasco da Gama

Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator (Dom Henrique) was the son of King João of Portugal, born in 1394. He is most famous for the voyages of discovery that he organized and financed, which eventually led to the rounding of Africa and the establishment of sea routes to the Indies. Henry was also a very devout man, and was Governor of the Order of Christ from 1420 until his death in 1460.

How did these explorations begin? The first to encourage

new ship explorations was, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator”

Never set sail, himself! “Arm chair navigator” Started an institute for

seafaring and exploring; schools of seamanship!

Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations

By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa

Voyages of Discovery During the two-year period

from 1444 to 1446, Prince Henry intensified the exploration of Africa, sending between 30 and 40 of his ships on missions. The last voyage sponsored by Prince Henry sailed over 1,500 miles down the African coast.

Although he never sailed on the expeditions, the voyages that he paid for in the mid-1400s helped launch Portugal into the front of the race to find a sea route to the Indies.

Henry’s Death Henry lived in the vicinity

of Sagres for most of his life and this is where he died on November 13, 1460 at the age of 66. He had opened the way, but had not lived long enough to savour and share the successes of Bartolomeu Dias who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, and Vasco da Gama who finally pushed through the sea route to India in 1498.

Barthomew Diaz(s) Born: c. 1450 Birthplace: Died: May 1500 Best Known As:

Portuguese discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope

*1488 - Bartolomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope(today, Capetown), at the Southern tip of Africa

Vasco Da Gama Born: c. 1469 Birthplace: Sines,

Portugal Died: 24 December

1524 Best Known As:

Portugese explorer who opened up sea route to India; 1st all water route to India.

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon

Christopher Columbus

1492 “Columbus sailed the ocean blue

Sponsor: Spain Wanted to find a western

route to Asia Small ships, weather, and

disease were obstacles First European to

discover a sea route to America.

Discovered “New World”

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Line of Demarcation• 1493

How to end the rivalry, in exploration, between Spain & Portugal??

– After Columbus returned, Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503), a Spaniard, established a line to distinguish Spanish & Portuguese claims– Assigned all new lands west of the Azores to Spain– Lands to the east belonged to Portugal • The Portuguese protested, leading to the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – established a new line about 1,100 miles to the east of the Pope’s line– Brazil lay in the Portuguese sphere

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Triangular Trade

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

African Slave Trade•

Western European nations sent ships loaded with goods to buy slaves from local rulers on the western coast of Africa, then transported the slaves to the colonies in North & South America & the Caribbean• Raw commodities produced in the colonies were then shipped back to Europe were they were processed & sold• 1518–first boat of African slaves directly to the New World

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

III. The Impact of Conquest

A. Colonial Administration

1. Four Viceroyalties

2. Viceroy

3. Brazil

B. Impact of European Settlement on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples

1. Indigenous Peoples

2. The Encomienda System

3. Native Population Losses

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws New Laws 1542 1542

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

China and Japan during the Age of Exploration

Will did both countries chose Isolation over interaction with the Europeans??

KEY IDEA: Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact.

KEY IDEA: The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began a 200-year period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth.