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HOW BIG IS THE CROWD?
HOW SMALL IS THE CROWD?
THE CROWD IS BIG.
THE CROWD IS SMALL.
ATTENDANCE
“Explore the interplay of
NUMERICAL
CONVERSATIONALand
processes”(Zhang & Schwarz, 2012, p. 258) | JCR
MARKEDNESS THEORY
SHORT
TALL
CLARK (1969)
HEIGHT
SHORT
TALL
HEIGHT
CLARK (1969)
SHORT
TALL
HEIGHT
CLARK (1969)
SHORT
TALL
HEIGHT
CLARK (1969)
UNMARKED = TALLusual
normal positive common neutral
less specific FRAENKEL & SCHUL (2008)
STUDY 2
STUDY 1 MARKEDNESS + ESTIMATES
1. UNMARKED - “BIG” 2. MARKED - “SMALL” 3. NEUTRAL - “SIZE”
HARRIS (1973)
HOW BIG IS THE AVERAGE CROWD AT A COLLEGE
FOOTBALL GAME?
HOW SMALL IS THE AVERAGE CROWD AT A COLLEGE
FOOTBALL GAME?
WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE AVERAGE CROWD AT A
COLLEGE FOOTBALL GAME?
0
6,000
12,000
18,000
24,000
30,000
11,452
26,88722,111
“BIG” UNMARKED
“SMALL” MARKED
“SIZE” NEUTRAL
ATTENDANCE ESTIMATES
STUDY 2 MARKEDNESS + RANGE
“…the RANGE of meanings associated
with the unmarked and marked adjectives.”
FRAENKEL & SCHUL. (2008)
…the RANGE and concentration of task-acceptable comparisons….
SIMONSON ET. AL. (2012)
D R
D R
D R
0 20K
“BIG”“SMALL”0 20K
SMALL“SMALL” “BIG”“BIG”“SMALL”
0 20K
SMALL“SMALL” “BIG”“BIG”“SMALL”
“SMALL”“BIG”
0 20K
IMAGINE YOU ARE TALKING WITH A FRIEND ABOUT A MLB GAME HE RECENTLY ATTENDED. WHILE TALKING ABOUT THE ATTENDANCE AT
THE GAME, YOUR FRIEND SAYS:
“IT WAS A BIG/SMALL CROWD.”
PLEASE INDICATE THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE YOU THINK WERE IN THE STADIUM:
FROM____TO____ BUT MOST LIKELY____.
CUMMINS (2011)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
7,86418,778 11,89823,712 5,67914,173
FROM
FROM
TO
TO
MOST LIKELY
MOST LIKELY
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
11,89823,712 5,67914,173
9,539
FROM
FROM
TO
TO
6,219
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
15,21823,712 5,67914,1730
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
15,2185,679
9,539
FROM
FROM
TO
9,539
TO
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
11,89823,712 5,67914,173
9,539
FROM
FROM
TO
TO
6,219
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
BIG CROWD SMALL CROWD
11,89823,712 5,67914,173
FROM
FROM
TO
TONO OVERLAP
SMALL“SMALL” “BIG”“BIG”“SMALL”
“SMALL”“BIG”
0
“BIG”“SMALL”
∞
THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS
LINGUISTICS BASED
ASYMMETRY +
RANGE
JUDGMENT & DECISION MAKING
“…we might be able to predict which comparison will likely receive GREATER WEIGHT and thus the resulting ‘effect.’ ”
“…we might be able to predict which MARKED TERM = receive GREATER WEIGHT and thus the resulting ‘effect.’ ”
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS & FUTURE RESEARCH
MARKETING RESEARCH
NAMING CONVENTIONS
LOWER VIEW MVP LOWER VIEW ALL STAR VIEW MVP LOWER VIEW BOX VIEW ALL STAR UPPER VIEW
$23 $15 $14 $10 $9 $7
PRICE? # OF SEATS?
SCARCITY?
MANY QUESTIONS/IDEAS? FEW QUESTIONS/IDEAS?