Ethics & ResearchEthics & Research

Prof .T.S.Ravi KumarProf .T.S.Ravi Kumar

Head Department of A & E NursingHead Department of A & E Nursing

College of NursingCollege of Nursing

CMCH VelloreCMCH Vellore

ResearchResearch

QuestionQuestion

Systematic Scientific StudySystematic Scientific Study

Implementation, New Knowledge Implementation, New Knowledge etcetc

? topics? topics

Ethics What is the color of the world ?What is the color of the world ?

Ethics (Greek ethika, ethos,character,custom),

Principles or standards of human conduct,

sometimes called morals (Latin mores, custom)

Ethics

PRUDENCE, PLEASURE, OR POWER

Intellectual nature is superior to Intellectual nature is superior to the sensual nature the sensual nature

Rhetoric, logic, and civil affairs, Rhetoric, logic, and civil affairs, were skeptical of moral absoluteswere skeptical of moral absolutes

virtue is knowledgevirtue is knowledge

Concepts of EthicsConcepts of Ethics

•ValuesValues

•Belief systemsBelief systems

•MoralityMorality

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism holds that Utilitarianism holds that

actions or policies actions or policies

that that

achieve good results—achieve good results—

particularly the greatest good particularly the greatest good

for the greatest number of people—for the greatest number of people—

are judged to be moralare judged to be moral

casuistrycasuistry

casuistry, a case-based approachcasuistry, a case-based approach

Principles of Ethics

Value of lifeValue of life Goodness & RightnessGoodness & Rightness Justice or fairnessJustice or fairness Truth telling or HonestyTruth telling or Honesty Individual freedomIndividual freedom

Ethical frameworkEthical framework

Based on four principlesBased on four principles::– duty to alleviate sufferingduty to alleviate suffering– duty to show respect for personsduty to show respect for persons– duty to be sensitive to cultural duty to be sensitive to cultural

differencesdifferences– duty not to exploit the vulnerableduty not to exploit the vulnerable

Local social, cultural and economic Local social, cultural and economic contexts must be taken into accountcontexts must be taken into account

Genuine ConsentGenuine Consent

Standards of careStandards of care

Ethical review of researchEthical review of research

What happens once research What happens once research is over?is over?

Bioethics

A sub discipline of ethicsA sub discipline of ethics

The study of life science The study of life science moralitymorality

Bioethics

Descriptive BioethicsDescriptive Bioethics

- - the way people view lifethe way people view life Prescriptive bioethicsPrescriptive bioethics

- - to tell others what is goodto tell others what is good Interactive bioethicsInteractive bioethics

- debate between - debate between peoplepeople

Standards of careStandards of care

International debate about standard International debate about standard of care that should be provided to of care that should be provided to control group in research:control group in research:

– UniversalUniversal (the best treatment (the best treatment available anywhere in the world)available anywhere in the world)

– Non-universalNon-universal (the treatment (the treatment available in a defined region) available in a defined region)

Value Systems

A set of related values Intrinsic values Extrinsic values Personal values Professional values

Value Formation

Values are learnedValues are learned Values change with maturity and Values change with maturity and

experienceexperience The number of values an The number of values an

individual holds is not as individual holds is not as important as what values they important as what values they consider importantconsider important

When you are doing something wrong, When you are doing something wrong,

Do You Know that it is wrong?Do You Know that it is wrong?

Respect for Human Respect for Human DignityDignity Right to self determinationRight to self determination

– No CoercionNo Coercion– No incentiveNo incentive

Right to full disclosureRight to full disclosure Informed consentInformed consent

– Consent FormConsent Form Issues related to respectIssues related to respect

– Eg CulturalEg Cultural

Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code and and

The Declaration of HelsinkiThe Declaration of Helsinki HonestyHonesty

– honesty in all scientific honesty in all scientific communicationscommunications

ObjectivityObjectivity– Strive to avoid bias in Strive to avoid bias in

experimental design, data experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing,grant writing,

Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code and and

The Declaration of HelsinkiThe Declaration of Helsinki

IntegrityIntegrity– Keep your promises and agreements; Keep your promises and agreements;

CarefulnessCarefulness OpennessOpenness Respect for Intellectual Respect for Intellectual

PropertyProperty ConfidentialityConfidentiality Responsible PublicationResponsible Publication

Responsible MentoringResponsible Mentoring Respect for colleaguesRespect for colleagues Social Responsibility Social Responsibility Non-DiscriminationNon-Discrimination Competence Competence LegalityLegality Animal CareAnimal Care

Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code and and

The Declaration of HelsinkiThe Declaration of Helsinki

Nuremberg Code Nuremberg Code and and

The Declaration of HelsinkiThe Declaration of Helsinki

Human Subjects ProtectionHuman Subjects Protection

DirectionsDirections

Discussion of case studiesDiscussion of case studies Ethics RoundsEthics Rounds Ethics CommitteeEthics Committee

– Institutional PhilosophyInstitutional Philosophy– PolicyPolicy

DiscussionDiscussion