A green-guide to better waste management

“Consigning Landfill to

the History Books

Steve Last

Consigning Landfill to

the History Books”

IPPTS Associates

Consigning Landfill to

IPPTS Associates

A Green Guide to Better Waste Management 2012

2

www.waste-technology.co.uk www.waste-technologies.co.uk www.gasification4energy.com

Contents

Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................... 3

New Waste Technologies: Recycling and Creating Energy from Waste on the Way to “Zero

Waste” ....................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction............................................................................................................................ 4

What is Recycling and Source Separation.................................................................................. 6

Source Separation .................................................................................................................. 6

Mechanical Sorting of Household Refuse .............................................................................. 7

Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 8

MRFs - Materials Recovery Facilities and the New Waste Technologies .................................. 9

A Discussion of Advanced Thermal Treatment of Residual Municipal Waste by Gasification

and Pyrolysis ............................................................................................................................ 11

The Selection of New Waste Technologies as an Alternative to Incineration......................... 13

Energy From Waste by Incineration Now Acceptable Since EU WID Emissions Clean Up ...... 16

Waste Management Jobs ........................................................................................................ 20

Cover image: Paper ready for recycling or for use as fuel, after the plastic has been

separated out from Tetrapak type food containers.


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Preface

This document is a compilation of articles I have written since 2007, and

which have been published at the EzineArticles.com web site to promote

the IPPTS Associates web site www.waste-technology.co.uk .

This eBook is offered as background reading for those that are new to the

waste and resource management business sector. I think that you will

find that the industry is as “green” in the sense of sustainability as they

come, and getting better all the time.

The information is based on United Kingdom, and EU practise and

experience, but is also generally of interest worldwide.

Steve Last

Disclaimer

Reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the information presented

in this book is accurate. However, the reader should understand that the

information provided does not constitute legal or professional advice of

any kind. The content shall be used for educational and light reading

purposes only.

No Liability: this book is supplied “as is” and without liability.


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New Waste Technologies: Recycling and Creating Energy from Waste

on the Way to “Zero Waste”

Introduction

Many governments, towns and communities throughout the Western

world are making new rules concerning the treatment of Municipal Solid

waste (MSW). New concepts of waste management are needed in which

the idea of recycling is of major importance.

Incineration will be used for the easily burnable fraction of what cannot be

recycled, and for some kinds of hazardous wastes such as hospital waste,

while the left over will be disposed of in sanitary MSW landfills.

Over time, more and more waste avoidance / minimisation, re-use,

recycling and pre-treatment prior to landfill will take place, with “zero

waste” being the goal. The “rottable” (putrescible) organic content will

also be progressively reduced and regulations will increasingly ban many

materials from being landfilled at all.

The recycling of products is best done at source by the public when they

put their waste out for collection and this is called source separation.

However, if the waste is mixed up when collected it can still be separated

again by mechanical separation plants or by hand picking using human

labour and a conveyor.

The plants in which the separation of mixed wastes (and also nowadays

quite often on segregated waste as well) is carried out are usually called

Mechanical Biological Treatment Plants, or MBTs. These plants cost a lot

to build, are expensive to run. They also use a lot of power and add

vehicle miles, which reduces the value of recycling by expending non-

renewable energy in the process.

The last decade has seen source separation introduced in many countries,

especially in Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria

and Canada. Now, more recently source separation is being implemented

in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe now that European Waste

Regulations require so much of the MSW produced not to be landfilled.

The most important reasons to separate waste at the source are:


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- The difficulty to find sites for new landfills and the negative attitude

of the public towards landfilling and incinerating.

- Source separation improves the quality of the products which will

have to be recycled. The fact that the organic fraction is separated

from the inorganic fraction means that the organic fraction will

have a low concentration of heavy metals and will be free of

metals, glass and stones, while the inorganic fraction will be drier

and less dirty.

The degree of recycling which can be achieved depends of the system

used for source separation but it is the highest if the separated waste is

picked up at the houses in separate containers.

A high percentage of recycling can only be achieved though by recycling

the organic fraction of MSW whereby anaerobic techniques such as the

anaerobic digestion process are very promising since they not only

produce a humus-like residue, comparable to the compost produced in

aerobic conversion techniques, but also a form of energy, biogas, which

can be easily upgraded to several forms of valuable energy.

So, by you source separating your waste you can make a difference -

especially if there is an Anaerobic Digestion plant in your area.

Why not find out more about waste technologies, and encourage your

friends to recycle. Your children and later generations will benefit - don't

they deserve the same opportunities you had?

Very many people wish there was “zero waste” but to achieve that

everyone will need to help their local authorities, by sorting and wherever

possible recycling, at home.

Steve Last is a regular contributor of waste management related articles.

Visit http://www.waste-technology.co.uk , the Waste Technology Web

Site to find out more.

Article Source:

http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Steve_Last


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What is Recycling and Source Separation

What is recycling? It is the process by which materials are collected and

used as "raw" materials for new products.

There are three steps in recycling: 1. Materials are collected. 2. Materials

are processed and manufactured into new products. 3. Consumers

purchase the goods made with reprocessed materials.

Materials are either source-separated and collected, or collected without

segregation. The latter is often called residual or “black-bag” waste, due

to the colour of the bags used in most countries.

Before we go any further though, we should consider what the average

typical analyses of household refuse in the UK might contain. Detailed

lists are available on the web for the contents of these bins and wheelies,

but in short, the components can be classified as putrescibles, paper,

glass, plastics, metals, textiles, unsorted fines, and unclassified material

The largest quantities are of paper (and card), and the putrescible

fractions, and together these contribute most of the organic matter and

moisture content of the waste. Plastics make up a large and increasing

proportion of the volume.

Another contributor to waste is Household Recycling Centre or Civic

Amenity Site waste. Civic amenity waste contains large and variable

proportions of wood and garden wastes, building rubble, furniture and

miscellaneous large objects.

Source Separation

Source separation recycling schemes are the lowest cost, and most

sustainable and are preferred. They are likely to concentrate on the easily

recognisable metal, glass and plastics fractions to provide clean

feedstocks for recycling. Together with household waste these can be

assumed to comprise about a quarter of the wet weight and a similar

proportion of the dry weight of the refuse.

The paper fraction comprises mostly newsprint, which is easily separated

but difficult to recycle economically as there tends to be more paper

available from recycling than is used by industry. The glut which results

depresses the value of the recycled material. (Written in 2007 – not so

true in 2012.)


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So, markets for recycled materials (recylates) are relatively limited and

source separation will only be effective for a proportion of the wastes, and

it will not be suitable everywhere.

Some inner city areas find that certain groups of people are reluctant to

participate in recycling, no matter what incentives are given, and some

property types make recycling harder. Older flats for example have only a

single rubbish chute.

This means that in most areas if recycling is to be taken much above 15%

to 20%, additional separation of the waste will be needed. This is called

mechanical sorting, and carried out in MRFs (Materials Recycling Facilities)

and these may also be called MBT (Mechanical Biological Treatment)

Plants when they include a method for biologically treating the putrescible

(organic) content after mechanical sorting. (Just above 40% recycling is

currently being achieved on average in the UK.)

Mechanical Sorting of Household Refuse

This is usually done to increase the proportion of material which is

separated, and very many of these sorting plants will be needed in the

next few years to achieve EU targets for improved and much higher

recycling rates above 40%.

Mechanical Sorting can also be undertaken to recover additional

recyclable materials not already separated at source, or simply to provide

a better feedstock for incineration or production of refuse-derived fuel.

Dry pulverising and screening is the most common to provide a crude

separation into an oversize combustible "paper and plastics" fraction and

an undersize "putrescible and glass" fraction for anaerobic digestion or

conventional composting. Wet pulverising will direct more of the paper

into the "putrescible and glass" fraction.

Density separations and air-classification techniques can further separate

and concentrate the heavy glass and light plastics to provide improved

materials recovery and a wider range of recovered products, and there is

a "trade-off" between product quality and the yield of any selected

fraction.


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Conclusion

There is a rapidly increasing demand for expansion of the waste industry,

and even if the public do their best to recycle, we will have to carry out

more and more sophisticated waste separation as the target rates rise.

This will be achieved by source separation and by mechanical separation

techniques in facilities called MRFs and MBT Plants. In fact these plants

will include a wide variety of processes of which we have only touched the

tip of the iceberg in this article, and which are described in detail at Waste

Technology and Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT).

Another Waste Technology is Anaerobic Digestion. See our site at The

Anaerobic Digestion Community. http://anaerobic-digestion.com

Article Source:



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MRFs - Materials Recovery Facilities and the New Waste Technologies

A MRF, which is in fact (when described in full), a Material Recovery

(Recycling) Facility. It is a waste disposal facility that separates the

recyclable material before it is sold on and recycled, and as far as possible

waste is diverted away from landfill disposal.

You can expect to hear about more and more Material Recycling Facilities

being built. As MRFs come in many different shapes and sizes and are

each tailored to their local wastes and markets, they are described in

different ways. This can be especially seen in press releases where the

aim is to keep the statements simple.

I recently saw this announcement:-

“The MRF is the first automated paper sorting plant in the UK. High-tech

equipment is calibrated to produce only fibres which are acceptable to the

newsprint manufacturing industry, from such materials as cardboard, Yellow

Pages and the Financial Times, and reject all others.”

I would suggest that any Material Recycling Facility is more than that, and

recycle many more materials although the ability of this particular plant to

do this is to be applauded.

Any MRF must be able to accept what is collected from the public and/or

industry and separate “waste fractions” from it into individual streams of

recycled materials before anything else can be done, as none of these

wastes will even closely approach just being pure recycled materials.

This is the case even if they have been segregated at source by

homeowners or businesses, and there will be many "contrary" items to be

removed. Such wastes even if pre-sorted will usually also be “co-mingled”

when picked up at the kerbside, for example glass with tin cans etc, to

simplify collection requirements and keep collection costs down.

Recycling not only reduces the amount of rubbish we bury in landfill sites,

it also makes better use of resources and raw materials. Much of what we

throw away will increasingly be used to make something else and

materials such as glass, steel and aluminium can be recycled over and

over again without losing any of their properties.


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Recycling uses much less energy and raw materials than making new

products.

More and more materials are becoming suitable for recycling as well. For

example, plastic and polythene bags and mailing wrappers can be sent for

recycling in some areas. Did you know that plastic bottles end up as

fleeces, or black plastic pipes and gutters!

It is better known to the public that newspapers with 30% of magazines

in their content, (to provide the whitening clay needed,) go to make more

newspapers.

Until recently black plastic could not be mechanically separated by the

sensors in recycling equipment because they could not “see” black. These

and many other advances are being developed month by month,

unknown to the public.

There are many more examples. But, don't forget that almost none of this

can happen unless these materials pass through a Material Recycling

Facility. With such an un-romantic name the humble MRF can get

forgotten, along with the dedicated and hard working staff which operate

them. If so, that would be a shame.

Now you have read this article you will not be one of those ignorant of the

important role of the MRF in your district. In fact waste management is

far from a boring subject, and there are rapid developments in the

technology and large expansion plans taking place right now.

There many new “ green” ideas and new opportunities to discovery

in the new Waste Technologies. Find out more about what MRFs are, plus

you will learn about many other types of waste technology at www.waste-

technology.co.uk .

These exciting new technologies will help ensure a sustainable

future for society, and the health of future generations.

Article Source:



11


A Discussion of Advanced Thermal Treatment of Residual Municipal

Waste by Gasification and Pyrolysis

New services and products are constantly coming online. It's hard to keep

up with them all. Many of us are busy, and need to allocate our time to

our daily lives.

We do not have time to consider the many new products. To head off

being bothered by the low-quality ones we very often just ignore them all,

feeling there's little or nothing worthwhile at hand. Normally we're right.

There are exceptions, however...

There are sometimes a very few that may be promising, might be

worthwhile. For example, there's a product within the area of gasification

and pyrolysis for residual Municipal Solid Waste Treatment which is left

over after minimization of waste generated, re-use of waste, and

recycling. It is in the category, referred to as Advanced Thermal

Treatment. Also, the technology is described as “advanced thermal

conversion” but it essentially means a system that combines the

processes of pyrolysis, gasification and high temperature oxidation, and it

is one that shows quite a lot of promise.

It's been dreamed-up and demonstrated by waste management

professionals and entrepreneurs along with other new waste technologies

by small new innovating companies such as Compact Power, in

Avonmouth, UK. (2012 - Now sold and merged as part of a larger

organisation further developing such technologies.)

So, what have advanced thermal treatment engineers been doing to build

awareness and extend its list of client customers? Well, generally it has

been especially difficult since 2008 to get further projects funded, due to

a lack of government incentives to the industry to encourage innovative

waste technologies.

Specifically, one can find three substantial benefits that set advanced

thermal treatment, with pyrolysis, gasification and high temperature

oxidation apart from the competition, 3 particular benefits stand-out that

originators cite as being excellent.

These 3 beneficial aspects are:


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- that there is very little waste that needs to be landfilled after this

process,

- emissions are much more controllable from the smaller advanced

thermal treatment plants that the supplier offers, and

- low odour production, very good (high percentage) waste mass

reduction, small footprints suitable for location on industrial

estates.

Listed below are the specifics on each:

• odour is controlled by carrying out all odour producing activities in a

covered building

• high waste reduction is achieved because a high percentage of the

material is combusted

• small footprint local plants will be much easier to obtain planning

permission for.

O.K. So that's the positive side. What exactly is there regarding the

negative side for advanced thermal treatment? What type of weaknesses?

The primary end-user complaint that we've noticed is high cost, and plant

breakdowns experienced with teething problems in such innovative

prototype plants.

Finally, advanced thermal treatment (which is also described by some as

advanced thermal conversion) combines the processes of pyrolysis,

gasification and high temperature oxidation.

A lot of purchasers seem to have made the judgement that it is not really

worth its cost. For anybody who has use for its capabilities though, and if

there was more government encouragement and incentives, it would

probably be an excellent investment. It is worth many local authorities

taking a closer look.

Realize the best way to understand the large integrated waste

management investment projects now underway in the UK, to comply

with EU waste management related regulations at this Advanced-

Thermal-Technology web site at www.gasification4energy.com .

Article Source:



13


The Selection of New Waste Technologies as an Alternative to

Incineration

To have success it's essential to prepare yourself well, set clear

objectives, work effectively and persevere. Whichever task or project you

choose, this tends to be true, but for new waste technology projects this

is particularly true, due to the difficult problems faced.

But, it's not that difficult really, if you break it into clear individual steps

as we have done in the article which follows.

This is the one and only way to achieve success at your goal to promote

new waste technologies as an alternative to incineration, and suggest it

can be simplified to merely 5 simple steps:

Step 1. For a UK alternative to incineration to be viable it will need to be

good at the diversion of waste from landfill. Most importantly the

diversion of organic/biological waste from landfill, to meet European

Union targets.

You will need to consider what are these technologies and how will they

help to meet LATS regulation set for each local authority by central

government to ensure that the UK as a whole will meet recycling targets.

This will be a task of critical importance because the introduction of the

Landfill Allowances Trading Scheme (LATS) in April 2005 has left all local

authorities with key decisions to make in terms of how they are going to

divert enough biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill to meet

their LATS targets.

Most UK local authorities have been using incineration after recycling and

diverting all but their residual waste, but alternatively they could

introduce new waste technologies into their waste management process

stream.

However, as we have shown this type of solution brings with it a number

of questions. Not least, as we have already indicated we must ask what

are these technologies and how will they help to meet LATS?

Make sure you do not overlook or by-pass this, because answering these

questions is essential to select a viable new waste technology, and the

stakes are high as unless the local authority meets its LATS target, it will


14


be fined by the UK government. And, if nationally we do not meet the

targets overall, the EU will fine us as a nation.

Step 2. Any adoption of a new waste technology must be able to

satisfactorily answer the question; What are the residuals and are there

markets for these? This important step demands all your attention.

Here is the way to do it right: Make sure that you select a new waste

technology from which the residuals can be sold, if not at a profit, at a

price which helps pay for the extra cost of the waste technology which will

process the waste.

There are a few reasons this is often important. The principal one is no

new waste technology will be acceptable to the public and comply with

LATS, or as a financial proposition, unless it produces residual materials

which have a value and don't in the end have to be landfilled for the want

of an alternative disposal route.

Step 3. Decide who will invest in the technologies. The reason for this will

be to that a private partner will be needed to implement any new waste

technology, as the Council won't have the skills or money to go it alone.

Additionally you will want to make sure that the partner is a solid and

reliable company which holds the necessary skills and will pass the

government's tests for the award of public investment, once the project

gets started.

Step 4. Consider, whether the technologies receive planning permission,

how long will this take and what are the issues likely to hinder this

process.

That means, talking to the local authority planning experts and gauging

public opinion in the area.

Step 5. How will the public perceive these technologies? Are they likely to

create huge public debate? Also, will the preceding issues in combination

with the last question all add up to a large list of unknowns which make

embarking upon the promotion of new waste technologies too risky for

the local authority to carry out. After all, it is not their role to speculate in

new technologies that are largely unproven and may not work, potentially

developing prototype plants and causing wastage of ratepayers money.


15


Additionally, how do you get all those who are required to play a key role

in the decision-making process suitably informed to perform their roles

effectively?

Finally, if you have followed the above suggestions closely, you can

expect to triumph over the down sides and achieve your goals. But, is it

any wonder that many local authorities baulk at the difficulty of the task

of taking on an innovative new waste technology solution with all risks of

the newness of these technologies, and instead go for incineration?

Discover how to understand the waste technologies, existing, and

proven like incineration and the new ways to process waste sustainably

by going to our Waste Technology site at www.waste-technology.co.uk .

Article Source:



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Energy From Waste by Incineration Now Acceptable Since EU WID

Emissions Clean Up

Energy-from-Waste should no longer be coupled with outdated concerns

about pollution and in particular the discharge of trace quantities of toxic

substances into the locality around an incinerator. In fact the WID, or to

give it its true name, the European Union Waste Incineration Directive,

acted as an important driver and milestone in the progress of

development of ever better clean-up processes for incineration plants.

Modem Energy-from-Waste plants are equipped with state-of-the-art air

pollution control systems (APC), and they do not any longer impose any

real risk to the environment from emissions. The likes of the dioxin scares

of the sixties and seventies will not be repeated.

EU emission regulations for incinerator have been in-place and strictly

enforced since the implementation of the WID toward the end of the

1990, which was instrumental in setting stringent uniform EU wide

emission limits.

Now nobody can claim that any technological process will ever reach a

completely zero release, but negligible release of the relevant components

in the emissions can be, and is being achieved.

Let me explain a little about how this is being done.

The first approach has been to install what might be called called front-

end techniques. The purpose of these has been to greatly improve the

combustion process, control the cooling phase, and implement abatement

technologies as early in the process as possible. So. modern incineration

technologies are now structured so that the first achievement has been

the avoidance of the conditions, as far as is possible, which create these

toxins within the combustion process.

While some toxins are still produced the amount is greatly minimised. The

second achievement lies in the much improved technology used in the

cleanup process on the flue gases after combustion, as they pass on their

way to the chimney. A wide range of micro-pollutants which are

ubiquitous in the environment and therefore present in all waste materials

are removed at this stage.


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Incinerator bottom ashes are of much reduced mass and volume, but it is

important that these can be processed and disposed of sustainably, after

the result of the combustion process. These contaminants in the ash need

to be characterised carefully. Residual metals may be elevated, for

example. However, again by improving the combustion technology,

modern incinerators do guarantee a very consistent and high quality ash.

It has been most importantly the ability to achieve a reliably full burnout

of the waste, and better control other factors which determine the quality

of the bottom ashes, which has moved forward from the incinerators of

the past, now no longer operating as a result of the WID.

When we are looking at issues surrounding Energy from Waste plant ash

quality and incinerator emissions generally it is also important to maintain

a balanced perspective by considering normal practise and emissions

levels from industrial and domestic combustion. Incinerator emissions

may actually now be much cleaner than their "natural" counterparts.

Also comparing the uses to which today's bottom ashes are being put,

against traditional sources of called "natural" building materials, shows

the superiority of incineration. Energy from Waste Plant bottom ashes are

now being be used, for example, as a substrate for road construction,

where they replace what would otherwise be freshly quarried material.

A number of countries which are known for their progressive

environmental policies have recognised that modern Energy-from-Waste

(EfW) plants can be effective tools in reducing dioxins levels, and large

numbers of new EfW plants are planned and being built.

Now, for any government or waste authority to put an over reliance on

one waste treatment method would be dangerous. The other EU Waste

Directives recognise this and incineration clearly can and must only be

implemented as just one of the many waste technologies, which must be

developed in each area to implement the so called "waste hierarchy". The

intent of this is to ensure that options such as incineration, and ultimately

landfilling as well, only come into play when all materials that can be

disposed by other more sustainable methods, such as re-use and

recycling, have already been applied to those parts of the waste flow

which can be segregated out into those preferable waste streams.

This is the ultimate solution (if good competitive markets become

established in these materials), to the issue of handling MSW in an

economical and sustainably sensible way. From this realisation, has in


18


recent years, emerged the concept of Integrated Waste Management

(IWM).

IWM is the integration of different waste treatment methods to achieve

the greatest combination of environmental and economic efficiency.

Integrated Waste Management allows each of the established and many

new and emerging waste treatment and disposal methods to be used

when and where they are most valuable and can make the greatest

contribution.

IWM endorses the major principles of waste prevention and its

practitioners value optimised recovery from what is in reality unavoidable

waste, by diversion from landfill such as by materials recycling,

composting, and Energy-from-Waste, and finally but only as a last resort

- the landfilling of waste.

Landfill, which was for so long the accepted most likely destiny for waste

has now become firmly downgraded to being considered the least desired

option, throughout the EU.

In many EU member states the planning for waste management is within

the legal authority of the regions, sub-regions and other devolved public

bodies. While at the turn of the twentieth century it would have been rare

to find regions or even municipalities which had a fully integrated

management plan. Quite the reverse is now true.

It is the case now that very ambitious targets have been set for

increasing the rate of recycling, and reducing the amount of waste sent to

landfill. Furthermore, strict targets have also been set for continually

reducing the organic content of all wastes sent to landfill.

Almost without exception, all local waste disposal authorities have been

forced to take action on waste. Furthermore, any that do fail to take

action will soon incur heavy fines from the EU. These will be payable by

the local citizens, if they fail to meet the diversion targets in their area.

Steve Evans is a waste management professional of more than 20 years

experience, working throughout the UK. The waste technologies which are

commonly used within integrated waste management policies are detailed

on his leading web site which explains all the main waste technologies,

such as mechanical biological treatment.


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Article Source:



20


Waste Management Jobs

Waste management jobs are probably much more varied, and many are

probably better paid than you are probably aware. In the past waste

management jobs were synonymous with the "dustman" (refuse collection

operative) and tip worker. If that is what you think, then you are a long

way out of touch and I would suggest that you might want to consider a

job in the waste management industry.

The old problem with waste management industry jobs in solid waste,

that they were in the most part menial, mostly only suitable for young

men, and low paid, is now a thing of the past due to the increasing

amount of recycling and increasing use of other methods of diversion

away from landfill.

The waste management industry workforce is expending fast to handle

the much more sophisticated methods now being used to recycle and

when recycling is not possible to process and treat the waste people

throw out, to give it a value.

If there is no way to make the waste more valuable due to its nature it

nowadays will often be incinerated in technically complex incineration

plants and these demand skilled labor forces to operate and maintain

them.

The waste management jobs being created in the many new waste

treatment facilities range from those that supervise the operation of the

processing plant to the engineers and administrators that maintain the

equipment and those that handle the many financial transactions in

accepting the waste processing it and being paid for the end products

produced.

Probably the lowest training requirement of all the waste management

jobs being created in these new waste treatment plants are for the

operatives needed to act as pickers on conveyors which carry the source

separated but still mixed (co-mingled) "clean" recycled materials that we

all put in our recycling containers.

Various types of paper are mixed when collected, glass may be collected

with tins, and plastics arrive mixed in all sort of different type of plastic

materials which have a much greater value once separated into separate

types. That is where the pickers come in, and the job is simple and


21


repetitive, lifting out the separate material off a conveyor as the

household recycled material moves past on the conveyor.

The best paid and most sought after jobs will be those of the engineers

and managers who run the operations at each Municipal Solid Waste, and

Commercial and Industrial waste treatment plant whether this be a MRF

(Materials Recycling Facility), an Incinerator (often also called a Energy

from Waste (EfW) Facility, Waste to Energy Plant (WtE), or one of the

other new waste technology plants which include:

• Thermal and mechanical heat treatment plants including MSW

autoclave facilities

• Bio-waste plants including composting facilities and anaerobic

digestion (AD) plants

• Medical waste incinerators and autoclave facilities

• Hazardous waste incinerators

• Construction waste recycling depots

• Commercial recycling plants.

If you are considering a career in the waste management industry I would

encourage you to find out more.

I have worked in the waste management industry, both in the public and

private sector, for over 20 years. I have found it to provide good stable

employment at reasonable pay.

It is as such a rapidly developing industry you can expect new

opportunities to develop and provide for your promotion. These new

opportunities will come both in new ways of doing things, and also from

expansion within the industry as more and more waste is diverted away

from landfills and processed for further use.

I have found that waste management jobs are interesting, and that the

people tend to be straightforward and very friendly. But, perhaps the

biggest recommendation for waste management jobs at present, with the

economy suffering from recession, is that the industry is in general

remarkably well insulated from economic downturns.

If you want to follow up on the idea of a waste management job but you

are concerned that you lack confidence to attend an interview at which

you will most likely be expected to know the basics of modern waste

management methods, I recommend that you visit my web site at


22


Introduction to Waste Technology. This site is well worth a visit for

EVERYONE planning to apply and be interviewed for a waste management

job! Much more invaluable additional reading is available on that site.

Article Source:


We hope that we have kindled your interest in the whole subject

of waste and resource management while reading this eBook.

You are free to pass this eBook on to your friends, but NOT to sell it, and

NOT to copy it and publish it.

If you were charged for this eBook, you should not have been. If you paid

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A green-guide to better waste management