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A Study of the Aircraft Hazards from an 80kW Transmitter, Model Development and Analysis
Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
Neil Webster, Radiation Safety Officer, CASS
ARPS Conference –
Adelaide, October 2010
Introduction
Today we will cover:
•
Some Background
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
•
Development of the Model
•
Applying the Model and Analysis of the Results
•
Briefly discuss the Outcomes
•
Highlight some future Research and Analysis Work.
New High-Power Transmitter
•
When introducing a new Transmitter there are a number of Radiation Safety requirements to evaluate and demonstrate compliance against.
•
These include:•
Personnel Safety (on Ground)
•
Public Safety on surrounding terrain•
Aircraft Safety
Here we are considering the Aircraft Safety aspect
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Aircraft Safety Evaluation Considerations
•
There are two considerations to evaluate for Aircraft Safety:
•
Is it Safe for the Aircraft?•
Aircraft use complex avionics equipment to fly and operate the aircraft safely. Modern aircraft incorporate fly-by-wire technologies and computer-controlled avionics systems in addition to the increasing use of composite materials in the aircraft’s structure.
•
These systems are susceptible to electronic interference, particularly from High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF).
•
Safe for the passengers
and crew in the Aircraft?•
RF Radiation Standards exist for the RF exposure to members of the public. If the power density is sufficiently high, even a very short exposure time-averaged will exceed the maximum exposure limit.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Relevant Safety Standards
•
Aircraft Design Standards•
These Standards refer to levels of Power Flux Density which an aircraft has been tested to withstand without adversely affecting the aircraft’s electrical and electronic systems.
•
US –
FAA incorporated RTCA DO-160•
EU –
Eurocae ED614 •
Australia –
CASA adopted the US requirements.
•
Human Exposure Standard•
Refers to the maximum exposure limits for Public and occupational exposure to RF Radiation.
•
ARPANSA Radiation Protection Standard No 3.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Understanding the Problem.
•
Size of the Fresnel Zone•
The fresnel zone (2D2/λ) of the 34m antenna at X-Band is 51,156m
•
Volume of Space of interest•
Aircraft typically fly between 5,000’
and 50,000’
in our region of
interest.
•
Antenna pointing limitations•
Restricted to a minimum of 10 degrees elevation.
•
Power Density of the Antenna/transmitter•
The on-axis power density within the fresnel zone
•
Consider Transmitters from 2 or more Antennas.•
It is possible that 2 antennas could point to the same point in space and their fields combine.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Development of the Model
•
Initially created a 3-D Matrix of 80km * 80km * 30km, which to provide acceptable resolution (10-15m) would mean approximately 60 billion data points.
•
This was reduced to a 2-D plane of 80km * 30km in specific directions of interest.
•
As the existing site aviation reference point is in the centre of the site, geo-spatial offsets were applied from the actual antenna location and the reference point to accurately reference and display the volume of airspace.
•
The power Density / field strength was calculated for each data point in the matrix and displayed.
•
Model was enhanced to allow multiple antennas, field summation and Monte-Carlo Analysis of the transmit frequency.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Calculating Power Density
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
The power density values of this analysis were determined by a number of complex calculations. The calculation shown below was derived from an
adaption by Dan Bathker (Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the US) from the classic Bickmore & Hansen research publication “Antenna Power Densities in the Fresnel Region”.
10*))*2(*40(
)*)(**((*
793458.299*2*8
1*14.13 2
2
illum
effeffWatts
MHz
eff
DADDP
f
DrCosPD
Where:
PD = Power Density in W/M2
P = Power in W
D
= Antenna Diameter
Deff
= Antenna Effective Diameter
Dillum
= Antenna illuminated Diameter
Aeff
= Antenna Effective Aperture
As this formula provides power density in W/M2
the answer needs to be converted into field strength (V/m) in order to compare against the Aircraft safety standards. Applying Poynting’s theorem provides an approximation of the result, with a caution that the field being evaluated is in the radiating near-field.
On-Axis E-Field Strength.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Here we can clearly see the on-axis power density (field strength)
oscillations in the near field region of the antenna. Note that we have not yet reached the point where power density
reduces at the rate of 1/r2.
Applying the Peak Value
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
To evaluate the hazards we applied the peak value up to the distance to the peak. This takes into account the differing spatial fields encountered across the entire aperture of the antenna.
Analysis of the Results.
•
In order to compare the results for the human exposure case, an understanding of the time in which a person may be exposed to the field from the antenna and the dimensions of the field is required.
•
Aircraft flight operating manuals were consulted to obtain aircraft groundspeeds for different flight configuration, which were then applied to calculate the time a person would remain in the field of the antenna. The methodology from the Standard was applied to obtain the maximum allowable time-averaged power density.
•
A direct comparison of the results and the HIRF Standards was made after converting the results to Field strength (V/m).
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Outcomes from the Analysis
•
Analysis of the human exposure case found that the safety levels for the aircraft would also provide protection for the aircraft occupants.
•
Analysis of the HIRF environment created by the 80kW transmitter against aircraft safety levels has identified that a
method of airspace management surrounding CDSCC needs to be developed.
•
A Technical Report was written which covers all the existing transmitters in addition to the proposed 80kW transmitter. This report will be included as an attachment to the Airspace Change Proposal to be submitted to the Civil Aviation Safety Authority.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Further Research and Analysis
•
Research the aircraft operating environment surrounding the complex and compare the proposed antenna operating geometry and transmitter utilization to determine a risk/ impact
analysis.
•
Consider undertaking physical measurements on-axis at low power to further verify the model.
•
Consider investigating further the use of time-averaging for human exposure to microwave frequencies at 10-20 second exposures.
•
Consider looking at the research from the EU funded HIRF-SE project. Standards development, composite aircraft shielding, etc.
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science. ARPS Conference, Adelaide October 2010
Thank you
CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science Neil WebsterRadiation Safety Officer
Phone: 02 6201 7825Email: [email protected]