About Pharaohs About Pharaohs

The most powerful person in ancient Egypt the The most powerful person in ancient Egypt the Pharaohs.Pharaohs.

The Pharaohs was the political and religious leader of The Pharaohs was the political and religious leader of the Egyptians holding the titles: Lord of two lands the Egyptians holding the titles: Lord of two lands and High priest of every temple.and High priest of every temple.

As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, of Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against foreigners.against foreigners.

As 'High Priest of Every Temple', the pharaoh As 'High Priest of Every Temple', the pharaoh represented the gods on Earth. He performed rituals represented the gods on Earth. He performed rituals and built temples to honor the gods.and built temples to honor the gods.

More about Pharaohs More about Pharaohs

Many pharaohs went to war when their Many pharaohs went to war when their land was threatened or when they land was threatened or when they wanted to control foreign lands. If the wanted to control foreign lands. If the pharaoh won the battle, the pharaoh won the battle, the conquered people had to recognize conquered people had to recognize the Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler the Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler and offer him the finest and most and offer him the finest and most valuable goods from their land. valuable goods from their land.

Pharaoh on the chariot

Pharaoh’s cow bed

About the PyramidAbout the Pyramid

The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle KingdomKingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. .

There are about eighty pyramids known today from There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-ancient Egypt. The three largest and best-preserved of these were built at Giza at the preserved of these were built at Giza at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-beginning of the Old Kingdom. The most well-known of these pyramids was built for the known of these pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'.pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'.

Pyramid of Giza

Step-pyramid of Djoser

Life of Egyptians Life of Egyptians

Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers and craftsmen. A small group of people farmers and craftsmen. A small group of people were nobles. Together, these different groups of were nobles. Together, these different groups of people made up the population of ancient Egypt. people made up the population of ancient Egypt.

The people of ancient Egypt built mud brick homes The people of ancient Egypt built mud brick homes in villages and in the country. They grew some in villages and in the country. They grew some of their own food and traded in the villages for of their own food and traded in the villages for the food and goods they could not produce. the food and goods they could not produce.

The yearly flooding of the Nile enriched the soil The yearly flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and brought good harvests and wealth to the and brought good harvests and wealth to the land.land.

Ancient Egyptians

The different races of Egyptians

Gods and Goddesses of Gods and Goddesses of EgyptEgypt

The ancient Egyptians believed in many different The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role gods and goddesses. Each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.the land.

Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognize and worship these gods and important to recognize and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly.goddesses so that life continued smoothly.

The statue of God and Goddesses

The different Gods and Goddesses in Egypt

MummificationMummification

The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'.and natural 'mummies'.

Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert. However, they realized that bodies placed in desert. However, they realized that bodies placed in coffins decayed when they were not exposed to the coffins decayed when they were not exposed to the hot, dry sand of the desert. Over many centuries, hot, dry sand of the desert. Over many centuries, the ancient Egyptians developed a method of the ancient Egyptians developed a method of preserving bodies so they would remain lifelike. The preserving bodies so they would remain lifelike. The process included embalming the bodies and process included embalming the bodies and wrapping them in strips of linen. Today we call this wrapping them in strips of linen. Today we call this process mummification.process mummification.

One of the mummifications taking place

Procedure of mummifications

TemplesTemples

The ancient Egyptians believed that temples The ancient Egyptians believed that temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses. were the homes of the gods and goddesses. Every temple was dedicated to a god or Every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess and he or she was worshipped there goddess and he or she was worshipped there by the temple priests and the pharaoh.by the temple priests and the pharaoh.

The large temple buildings were made of stone so The large temple buildings were made of stone so that they would last forever. Their walls were that they would last forever. Their walls were covered with scenes that were carved onto the covered with scenes that were carved onto the stone then brightly painted. The pharaoh stone then brightly painted. The pharaoh fighting in battles and performing rituals with fighting in battles and performing rituals with the gods and goddesses.the gods and goddesses.

Abu Simbel Temple ofEgypt

Edfu temple

TimeTime

The civilization of ancient Egypt lasted The civilization of ancient Egypt lasted for over three thousand years. for over three thousand years. During this time there were many During this time there were many changes in terms of what the ancient changes in terms of what the ancient Egyptians believed in, and how they Egyptians believed in, and how they lived their lives. However, many lived their lives. However, many aspects of the basic culture, religion, aspects of the basic culture, religion, and artistic style of ancient Egypt and artistic style of ancient Egypt remained the same.remained the same.

TradesTrades

Craftsmen in ancient Egypt were usually trained Craftsmen in ancient Egypt were usually trained and skilled laborers. They were often well-and skilled laborers. They were often well-respected in the community and had a respected in the community and had a comfortable lifestyle. Yet every craftsman's comfortable lifestyle. Yet every craftsman's lifestyle and social standing depended on the lifestyle and social standing depended on the quality of his skills and experience. Thus, some quality of his skills and experience. Thus, some craftsmen had more difficult lives than otherscraftsmen had more difficult lives than others

Most craftsmen worked in workshops with other Most craftsmen worked in workshops with other craftsmen. Objects for temples or the pharaoh craftsmen. Objects for temples or the pharaoh were made in temple workshops or palace were made in temple workshops or palace workshops. Objects for ordinary people were workshops. Objects for ordinary people were made by local craftsmen in small workshopsmade by local craftsmen in small workshops. .

Craftsmen working in Ancient Egypt workshop

An equipment for stonework inAncient Egypt

SphinxSphinx

Generally the role of Generally the role of sphinxes was as temple sphinxes was as temple guardians; they were guardians; they were placed in association with placed in association with architectural structures architectural structures such as royal tombs or such as royal tombs or religious temples.religious temples.

Although the date of its Although the date of its construction is uncertain, construction is uncertain, the head of the Great the head of the Great Sphinx now is believed to Sphinx now is believed to be that of the pharaoh be that of the pharaoh KhafraKhafra..

Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two

languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek). (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).

The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were The Rosetta Stone was found by French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt in a small village in the Delta called rebuilding a fort in Egypt in a small village in the Delta called Rosetta. (Rashid)Rosetta. (Rashid)

The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in Egypt to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things Egypt to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh has done that are good for the priests and the that the pharaoh has done that are good for the priests and the people of Egypt. people of Egypt.

Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphics

Leader:

RoyTang TanSongZe Asst-leader; Shilin Yun sheen

Thank you for Thank you for your attentionyour attention