Bio(diverse)city – 2030

bio(diverse)city

crisis scenario: climate change

matthew coggan, rosanna krauss, catherine wilson


global issuespecies loss rates are possibly 50 – 100 times greater than ever experienced in

recorded history (O’Riordan and Kleeman, p.9)

10 % of known bird species, 5% of known fish species, 8% of all recorded plant species and 20% of known mammal species are threatened with

extinction (O’Riordan and Kleeman)

we are in the midst of the biosphere’s 6th major extinction episode one driven by human activities

0.6oC increase in global temperature since 1900

increased concentration of greenhouse gases substantially responsible for climate change

1998 was the warmest year since temperature recording began in 1861

Native australian extinct species Diels' Wattle Tasman Starling Eastern Bettong (mainland) Boodie, Burrowing Bettong (inland) Brush-tailed Bettong (south-east mainland) Short Spider-orchid

Dwarf Spider-orchid Desert Rat-kangaroo Pig-footed Bandicoot Hidden Coleanthera White-throated Pigeon (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Pigeon White-footed Rabbit-rat Red-crowned

Parakeet (Macquarie Island), Macquarie Island Parakeet Red-crowned Parakeet (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Parakeet Rufous Bristlebird (western), South-western Rufous Bristlebird

Kangaroo Island Emu Emu (Tasmanian) Roper River Scrub-robin Subshrub Decurrent-leaved Frankenia Lord Howe Gerygone, Lord Howe Warbler New Zealand Pigeon (Norfolk Island race)

Water Tassel-fern Central Hare-wallaby Rufous Hare-wallaby (south-west mainland) Eastern Hare-wallaby Banded Hare-wallaby (mainland) Norfolk Island Long-tailed Triller Drummond's

Lepidium Lesser Stick-nest Rat Small-flowered Leucopogon Tammar Wallaby (South Australia) Toolache Wallaby Lesser Bilby Grass Fern Norfolk Island Kaka Southern Boobook (Lord Howe

Island), Lord Howe Boobook Owl Short-tailed Hopping-mouse Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Big-eared Hopping-mouse Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Lord Howe Long-eared Bat Crescent Nail-

tail Wallaby Clubmoss Everlasting, Table Mountain Daisy Bush Western Barred Bandicoot (mainland) Desert Bandicoot Sickle-leaved Waxflower Spiny Rice-flower Broad-faced Potoroo

Paradise Parrot Gould's Mouse Robust Greenhood Pyramid Mulla-mulla Maiden's Bush-pea Lewin's Water Rail (western) Christmas Island Rat, Maclear's Rat Christmas Island Rat, Bulldog

Rat Southern Gastric-brooding Frog Northern Gastric-brooding Frog, Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog Grey Groundsel Sharp-snouted Day Frog, Sharp-snouted Torrent Frog Southern Day

Frog, Mt Glorious Torrent Frog Cronin's Tetratheca Mt Holland Thomasia Thylacine Grey-headed Blackbird, Norfolk Island Thrush Bennett's Seaweed White-chested White-eye, Norfolk Island

Silvereye Robust White-eye Native australian extinct species Diels' Wattle Tasman Starling Eastern Bettong (mainland) Boodie, Burrowing Bettong (inland) Brush-tailed Bettong (south-east

mainland) Short Spider-orchid Dwarf Spider-orchid Desert Rat-kangaroo Pig-footed Bandicoot Hidden Coleanthera White-throated Pigeon (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Pigeon White-footed

Rabbit-rat Red-crowned Parakeet (Macquarie Island), Macquarie Island Parakeet Red-crowned Parakeet (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Parakeet Rufous Bristlebird (western), South-western

Rufous Bristlebird Kangaroo Island Emu Emu (Tasmanian) Roper River Scrub-robin Subshrub Decurrent-leaved Frankenia Lord Howe Gerygone, Lord Howe Warbler New Zealand Pigeon

(Norfolk Island race) Water Tassel-fern Central Hare-wallaby Rufous Hare-wallaby (south-west mainland) Eastern Hare-wallaby Banded Hare-wallaby (mainland) Norfolk Island Long-tailed

Triller Drummond's Lepidium Lesser Stick-nest Rat Small-flowered Leucopogon Tammar Wallaby (South Australia) Toolache Wallaby Lesser Bilby Grass Fern Norfolk Island Kaka Southern

Boobook (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Boobook Owl Short-tailed Hopping-mouse Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Big-eared Hopping-mouse Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Lord Howe Long-

eared Bat Crescent Nail-tail Wallaby Clubmoss Everlasting, Table Mountain Daisy Bush Western Barred Bandicoot (mainland) Desert Bandicoot Sickle-leaved Waxflower Spiny Rice-flower

Broad-faced Potoroo Paradise Parrot Gould's Mouse Robust Greenhood Pyramid Mulla-mulla Maiden's Bush-pea Lewin's Water Rail (western) Christmas Island Rat, Maclear's Rat Christmas

Island Rat, Bulldog Rat Southern Gastric-brooding Frog Northern Gastric-brooding Frog, Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog Grey Groundsel Sharp-snouted Day Frog, Sharp-snouted Torrent Frog

Southern Day Frog, Mt Glorious Torrent Frog Cronin's Tetratheca Mt Holland Thomasia Thylacine Grey-headed Blackbird, Norfolk Island Thrush Bennett's Seaweed White-chested White-eye,

Norfolk Island Silvereye Robust White-eyeNative australian extinct species Diels' Wattle Tasman Starling Eastern Bettong (mainland) Boodie, Burrowing Bettong (inland) Brush-tailed Bettong

(south-east mainland) Short Spider-orchid Dwarf Spider-orchid Desert Rat-kangaroo Pig-footed Bandicoot Hidden Coleanthera White-throated Pigeon (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Pigeon

White-footed Rabbit-rat Red-crowned Parakeet (Macquarie Island), Macquarie Island Parakeet Red-crowned Parakeet (Lord Howe Island), Lord Howe Parakeet Rufous Bristlebird (western),

South-western Rufous Bristlebird Kangaroo Island Emu Emu (Tasmanian) Roper River Scrub-robin Subshrub Decurrent-leaved Frankenia Lord Howe Gerygone, Lord Howe Warbler New

Zealand Pigeon (Norfolk Island race) Water Tassel-fern Central Hare-wallaby Rufous Hare-wallaby (south-west mainland) Eastern Hare-wallaby Banded Hare-wallaby (mainland) Norfolk Island

Long-tailed Triller Drummond's Lepidium

Lesser Stick-nest Rat Small-flowered Leucopogon Tammar Wallaby (South Australia) Toolache Wallaby Lesser Bilby Grass Fern Norfolk Island Kaka Southern Boobook (Lord Howe Island),

Lord Howe Boobook Owl Short-tailed Hopping-mouse Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Big-eared Hopping-mouse Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Lord Howe Long-eared Bat Crescent Nail-tail

Wallaby Clubmoss Everlasting, Table Mountain Daisy Bush Western Barred Bandicoot (mainland) Desert Bandicoot Sickle-leaved Waxflower Spiny Rice-flower Broad-faced Potoroo Paradise

Parrot Gould's Mouse Robust Greenhood Pyramid Mulla-mulla Maiden's Bush-pea Lewin's Water Rail (western) Christmas Island Rat, Maclear's Rat Christmas Island Rat, Bulldog Rat

Southern Gastric-brooding Frog Northern Gastric-brooding Frog, Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog Grey Groundsel Sharp-snouted Day Frog, Sharp-snouted Torrent Frog Southern Day Frog, Mt

Glorious Torrent Frog Cronin's Tetratheca Mt Holland Thomasia Thylacine Grey-headed Blackbird, Norfolk Island Thrush Bennett's Seaweed White-chested White-eye, Norfolk Island

Silvereye Robust White-eye

how old will you be?


by 2030 + 2 degrees

70% increase in droughts in NSW

40% loss of core habitat for eucalyptus

cane toads and red ants have invaded sydney threatening agriculture and native ecosystems

rapid extinction of birds

16% increase in evaporation

decreased rainfall by 10% annually

sea level rise of 2m

serious decline of wetland ecosystems

invasion of exotic plant species

extreme disturbance to breeding patterns

as sea temperature rises, we will experience more

severe storms

I WILL BE 44 YEARS OLD

how old will your children be?


sea level risesydney

85% of the glaciers appear to be accelerating their flow towards the sea.

Gore, A



Flannery, T



locations of water pooling

since 1992 to 2005 melting ice in greenland has increased by 600%

if either west antarctica ice shelf or greenland melted or broke up

into the sea levels would rise by 5.5 m

Gore, A


increased climate change refugeessydney

to accommodate this a refugee would have to join every sixth household

sydney will need to accommodate for 279 000 immigrates from Calcutta and Bangladesh alone


increases to urban growthsydney


image based on 40% reduction in eucalypt species, sydney’s main vegetation typeand increase in suburban sprawl due to immigration

increases to urban growthsydney


sydney harbour2007


sydney harbour2030

2m sea level rise results in tidal zone engulfing majority of harbour side

public space


climate change + biodiversitysydney harbour




public space


2007

2030


“rising sea levels on extant mangroves have been predicted to result in complete ecosystem collapse…” (Professor Peter Saenger)


public space

value of biodiversityin sydney harbour

ecocentric this world view would argue the moral responsibility of humans to maintain the variety of life irrespective of any resultant benefits to the human population

increased ecosystem stability

utilitarian value (useful now)

option value (possibly useful soon)

educational + research

tourism + recreation

public health


loss of biodiversity has been identified as ‘perhaps the most serious

environmental problem in Australia’.

(Catherin Bull)

benefits of biodiversity


sydney harbour green belt2030

establish a planting buffer along predicted tidal zones providing a habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial species as well as naturally filtering urban run off


strategy 1: establishing plant communities

the cost of acting later rather than now will be 5-20 times greater

by 2015 all proposed and existing foreshore development, excluding existing industry, must include but not be limited to green belt planting

properties refusing to adhere to policy implementation strategy 1 by 2015 will be sold to government at rate specified by local government area, allowing the government to establish plant communities on these sites by 2025


“because of the geographical significance of mangroves and related communities, these vegetation types

need to be our primary focus” (Professor Peter Saenger)

benefits

important habitat and food source for terrestrial and marine organisms

shoreline protection

reduce coastal turbidity

highly efficient carbon sinks

source of timber and wood products

important buffer for nutrients, metals and other and other toxins received by terrestrial runoff

mangrove species may be capable of adapting to sea-level rise by

migrating upslope

mangrove systems

“rising sea levels on extant mangroves have been predicted to result in complete ecosystem collapse…” (Professor Peter Saenger)


strategy 2: reclamation


by 2020 government purchase of all necessary foreshore land allowing for increased tidal zones to help mitigate sea level change


strategy 3: greening industry


by 2020 existing foreshore industry must implement green belt planting connecting surrounding green belt property, allowing business and biodiversity to coexist

the established green belt will naturally treat industry wastewater to a specified standard before it is allowed to reenter the harbour waterways


using biodiversity within industrial areas to

regenerate air, water, soil

and habitat through natural processes mcdonough+partners

maintaining industrial runoff

a green roof can soak up 75% of rainfall lester graham

reduces the heat island effectlester graham

low maintenance with high returns of

bird and insect lifeto survive, biodiversity heavily relies on the human population to make sensitive design decisions when planning cities and other development

mcdonough+partners ford factory rouge center and chicage townhall greenroof


strategy 4: decontamination


by 2020 sites previously industrial or used for landfill must be treated, removing waste and chemical to ensure no contamination of the harbour’s waterways


schools

industry

public green space

strategy 4: decontamination


benefits of biodiversity


sydney harbour green belt2030

by 2030 plant communities will be established along the green belt. planting must include a variety of indigenous plants including mangroves and wetland species thus providing habitat for aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as natural water filtration


“Make the wrong choices now and future generations will live with a

changed climate, depleted resources and without green space and

biodiversity that contribute to our standard of living and our quality of life.”

Tony Blair, March 2005

references

-Archer. M & Beale. B, 2004, Going Native

-Beeton. B, 2006, Australia State of the Environment

-Bull. C, 2002, New Conversations with an Old Landscape

-Christopherson. R, 2004, Elemental geosystems

-City of Sydney, 2003, State Environment Report

-CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology & Saunders. D & Margules. C, 1998, Environmental Indicators- Biodiversity

-Flannery. T, 2007, The Weather Makers

-Gore, A, 2006, inconvenient truth

-Hillstrom. K & L.C, 2003, Australia Oceania and Antartica

-Lines. W, 1991, Taming the Great Southern Land

-Mcdonald. D, 2007, Key topics in conservation biology

-Mcdonough, W, 2007, Crade to Crade

-Meyer. B, 2005, Future Sydney- A City of Cities

-O'riordan & Stoll-Kleemann, 2002, Biodiversity, sustainibility and human communities

-Spicer. J, 2006, Biodiversity

-Suzuki. D, 1999, The sacred balance


http://biocitystudio.com/

http://www.unsw.edu.au/

http://www.fbe.unsw.edu.au/

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Bio(diverse)city – 2030