Biofuels Solutions For Ag Machinery - Peter Pickel

BIOFUELS - Solutionsfor Ag Machinery

The JD Approach within the EU-funded Project 2ndVegOil

BioMotion CongressAGRITECHNICA 12.11.09Prof. Dr. Peter Pickel

Deere & CompanyJDWM PEADVANCED ENGINEERING &TRACTOR APPLICATIONS

EU Energy Mandate 20/20/20

EU policy binding targets for 2020:• 20% less energy consumption• 20% reduction of GHG emissions

(compared to 1990)• 20% energy from renewable

resources (non nuclear)• 10% biofuels orother renewable resourcesin tansport (min.)

2005 total consumption

Hydro9.8%

Thermal8.1%Wind

12.6%

Biomass67.5%Renewables

20%Rest80%

2020 total consumption

Nuclear14.3%

Crude oil37.1%

Renewables6.5%

Natural gas24.4%

Thermal4.6%

Wind5.3%

Hydro21.2%Biomass

67.1%

Solid fuels17.4%


Basic assumptions

• Diesel engines will stay basic drive technologyfor mobile agricultural machines at least for amid term prospective

• As a fuel vegetable oil can support globalsustainability(but usage is strongly limited)

• The highest energy density produced byphotosynthesis is found in natural vegetable oil

• We find optimal agricultural conditions forproduction of rapeseed oil in Central Europe

• JOHN DEERE‘s colours are colours of rape

Company ConfidentialDeere & Company

JDWM PETRACTOR APPLICATIONS

Not available inindustrial scale

Pure Bio Fuels= B100: Bio fuel 100 %

conform to Diesel= no adaption on vehicle

less conform to Diesel= Adaptions on vehicle

BtL= Bio mass to Liquid

Biodiesel= FAME

(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)Native vegetable oils

Rapeseed oil Further vegetable oils

Cold pressed

Fully refined

PME= Plant methyl ester

Vegetable & animalused oils and fats as

base material

RME= Rapeseed methyl ester

SOME (SME)= Soybean Methyl Ester

GtL= Gas to Liquid Others

Further PMEs

DIN EN 14214

tolerates mixtures

out of different

sources!

Preliminary DIN standard“Rapeseed oil as fuel” availableDIN V 51605

General prepositionsfrom the fuel side(idealized)


4JDWM PETRACTOR APPLICATIONS


Energetic equivalentvolume of fuels

Energetic equivalent volume of fuelper 1l of oil l/l OE

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

fossil

e diese

l

rapes

eed o

il

and B

100 co

al

ethan

ol

Source: TFZ Straubing (Bavaria, Germany)Modified

gaso

line


Basic Assumptions – Energy Balance

Plantprotection

Fuel Fertilizer

Seed

Transportation

Production of fuel


Central European alternativesbeyond ethonol from sugar caneEnergy balance for productionof different renewable fuels

Agricultural Conversion Suminput

Sumoutput Balance Ratio

MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/ha MJ/haOutputInput

InputOutput

Rapeseedoil 14812 529 15342 36450 21108 2,38 0,42

RME 14812 4474 19287 36360 17073 1,89 0,53

Ethanolfromwheat 12025 41689 53714 62726 9012 1,17 0,86

Ethanolfromsugarbeet 14680 63315 77995 127020 49025 1,63 0,61

Methanefrom corn 15158 72395 87553 192456 104903 2,20 0,45


Basic AssumptionsEnergy Balance Results

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0Output / Input - Ratio

Rapeseed oil RMEMethanefrom corn

Ethanol fromSugar beet

Ethanol fromwheat


Mandatory co-usage


Basic Assumptions – Potential Savings


Basic AssumptionsPotential (Self-)Supply

Diesel consumption of German agricultural sector

1,55 Mio t = 6,65 · 1010 MJ

1.82 Mio. ha

10% of cultivated areaMaximum possible area for

rapeseed:

1.8 Mio ha per year.(UFOP)

Charles Deere demonstrating a walking plow

= 2,2 % of totaltransport= 5% of totaldieselconsumption

Company ConfidentialCopyright © 2000Deere & Company


Theoretical biofuels market chances from ag sector

• Ag production of plant oil could be completely consumed in ag sector, so• Plant oil (and Biodiesel) have principally highest market potential• Plant oil production is protein production (for animal nutrition)• Integrated approach for highest sustainability• Plant oil promises highest customer value

Ag machinery manufactures have strongest interest in keeping upplant oil marketsOil producers (farmers, oil mills) and ag machinery manufactures mustwork jointly together to overcome today‘s and future problems!


Rapeseed oil (RO) powered tractorsMandatory side conditions

1. Minimum farm size2. or farming societies3. or increasing diesel price4. Tax regulations must fit5. Rape cake usage6. Decentralized/self supply7. Manufacturer supply

Minimum farm size:Currently about 100 habut decreasing with timeand with increasing diesel price

Tax regulations:in some countries andoften only for agriculture

Calculatory income is needed

Connection tolive stock farming needed!


Demonstration of 2nd GenerationVegetable Oil Fuels inAdvanced Engines

2ndVegOIL

1. Emissions (NOx)2. Emission after treatment3. Engine lubrification4. Fuel viscosity5. Thermal characteristics6. Cold start behaviour7. Transient behaviour8. Motor power/characteristic9. Storage of fuel10.Quality of fuel and blends

Plant oil (PO) powered tractorThe challenges


Flexfuel prototype tractorCurrent state of the art

1. Emissions EU stage 3A(TIER 3)

2. First promising resultsindicate that we willbe able to meet (i)TIER 4with an integratedapproach (2nd VegOil):1. Tractor adaptation2. Oil quality

management

Adapted enginesoftware

Internalcold startsystem

Modified fuel feedsystems



DIN V 51605The Germanpreliminary standard for RO

Current version hardly meetscurrent requirements and doesnot apply to the TIER 4 future 0,075-% (m/m)Water content

0,01-% (m/m)Oxid ashes

20-mg/kgMagnesium +Calcium

12-mg/kgPhosphorus

-6,0hStability againstoxidation at 110 °C

2,0-mg KOH/gAcid number

24-mg/kgTotal contamination10-mg/kgSulfur

12595g Iod100g ROIod number

0,40% (m/m)Residual coke

-39-ignitability-36000kJ/kgnet calorific value

36,0-mm²/sKin. viscosity at 40 °C-220°CFlashpoint

930,0900,0kg/m³Density at 15 °C

Free of apparent impurity,sediments or water-Visual assessment

MaxMinUnitCharacteristics


Conclusion

• Emission policies contradict GHG reduction goals(hard to fulfill for „real“ biofuels)

• Emission policies demand new technologies• There is no reasonable upper limit for alkali /

alkali-earth metals in fuels• Ca, Mg, Na, K and P have to be eliminated from

biofuels• Change of standards needed• Modified standards might offer chances for

domestic biofuels• Long term prospective for biofuels stay good

Today‘s alternative two ways of thinking*) have to merge to meet future demands

*) Either change the fuel (biodiesel) or the engine (pure plant oil) – both sides have to move again


John Deere Werke Mannheim (D)

Vereinigte Werkstätten für Pflanzenöltechnologie (D)

Technical University of Munich, Internal Combustion Engines(D)

Lubrizol Ltd. (UK)

Waldland Vermarktungsges. m.b.H. (AU)

Rhônalpénergie-Environnement (F)

Fédération Régionale des CUMA Rhône-Alpes (F)

Instytut Budownictwa, Mechanizacji i Elektryfikacji Rolnictwa (PL)

Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut NEN (NL)

EU Project Proposal 2ndVegOil:2nd Gen. Plant Oil Powered Tractor

The 2ndVegOil Partners

Other scientific partners


Summary

• 2ndVegOil is an integratedtechnological approachcontributing to …

• … sustainability and …• … agricultural economy

…. and …• … to (local) business

Business

Biofuels Solutions For Ag Machinery - Peter Pickel