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September | October 2011
Feature title: BIOMET Zn Aqua - A organic zinc source for aquaculture practices
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
One of the challenges faced by aquaculture today is the feeding of diets containing a high
proportion of vegetable ingredients.
These new diets result in lower efficien-cies and growth due to reduced digestibility as well as lower availability of minerals.
Zinc is a trace mineral involved in essential life processes such as growth, reproduction, vision and immunity. Zinc bio-availability within the animal decreases due to the formation of insoluble complexes with dietary components; this leads to a deficiency. When confronting this situation the inclusion of Biomet Zn Aqua in both fish and shrimp diets stands out as a solution to achieve adequate health and performance.
Zinc is a specific cofactor of several enzymes as well as an integral part of about 20 metalloenzymes, some of them involved with the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates.
In addition, zinc is associated with prostaglandin metabol ism and con-s e q u e n t l y i m m u n e response and reproduction ( Wa t a n a b e et al. 1997). T h e re f o re , zinc deficien-cy will nega-tively affect
the profitability of the farm as result of growth retardation, poor immune response, and reduced reproductive performance.
Fish and shrimp can obtain zinc from two different sources; water and diet. Seawater and freshwater zinc concentrations range
BIOMET Zn AquaA organic zinc source for aquaculture practicesby Waldo G. Nuez-Ortín, DVM, MSc. Aquaculture Technical Manager, NOREL SA, Spain.
Email: [email protected]. Website: www.norel.es
22 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2011 September-October 2011 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 23
F: Zinc
Table 1: Zinc fish requirements for different aquatic species.
Species mg Zn/kg diet Reference
Rainbow trout 15-30 Ogino and Yang (1987)
Common carp 15-30 Ogino and Yang (1987)
Channel catfish 20 Gatlin and Wilson (1983)
Blue tilapia 20 McClain and Gatlin (1988)
Red drum 20-25 Gatlin et al. (1991)
Atlantic salmon > 67 Maage and Julshamn (1993)
Shrimp 15 Davis et al. (1993)
Abalone 32-35 Tan and Mai (2001)
Table 2: Treatments
Basal diet 1 (0.7% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
g/ton feed T1-Control T2-Zinc sulfate
T3-BIOMET Zn Aqua*
T4-Zinc proteinate
Zn sulfate - 80 - -
BIOMET Zn - - 200 -
Zn proteinate - - - 133.3
Basal diet 2 (1.4% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
g/ton feed T5-Control T6-Zinc sulfate
T7-BIOMET Zn Aqua*
T8-Zinc proteinate
Zn sulfate - 80 - -
BIOMET Zn - - 200 -
Zn proteinate - - - 133.3
Supplemented Zn (ppm) - 20 20 20
Total Zn (ppm) 48 68 68 68
Total methionine (%DM) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
*BIOMET Zn Aqua: 10% zinc/27.2% methionine
Diets contained 36% soybean meal (44%), 18.5% yellow corn, 17% wheat flour, 14% fishmeal, herring (72%CP), 5.4% corn oil, 4% corn gluten meal (60% CP), 2% carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.15% vitamin premix, 0.05 % zinc-free micro minerals premix, 0.8% (Basal diet 1) and 2.9% (Basal diet 2) limestone, and 2.1% sand (only for Basal diet 1)
IAF11.05.indd 22 02/09/2011 09:26
from 0.6-5 and 5-10μg/L, respectively; how-ever, even fish maintained in water contain-ing higher concentrations (10-25μg/L) were not able to achieve optimal growth.
Dietary zinc concentration depends on ingredient composition. While zinc content is high in fishmeal (80-100mg/kg), it is low in cereal grains (15-30mg/kg) or protein concentrates (40-80mg/kg) (Watanabe et al. 1997).
In spite of the low zinc content in some feedstuffs, the low bioavailability resulting when feeding practical diets is mainly attrib-uted to the presence of phytate contained is most vegetable ingredients as well as tri-calcium phosphate contained in fish meal or animal by-products (Alpines et al. 2001, Satoh et al. 1993).
These dietary components form insolu-ble complexes with divalent cations of zinc in stomach, reducing intestinal absorption while increasing zinc excretion. As shown in Table 1, zinc requirements have been determined for different aquatic species.
However, some of these requirements, such as those reported for channel catfish, were determined when feeding purified diets. In a later study using a practical diet containing phytate (Gatlin and Wilson 1984), zinc requirements for catfish were established at 150 mg/kg instead of 20 mg/kg. Thus, both phytate and tri-calcium phosphate must be con-sidered by nutritionists when meeting zinc requirements.
In order to avoid deficiencies, it is a com-mon practice to supplement inorganic salts of zinc, such as zinc sulphates or zinc oxides.
However, the formation of insoluble zinc complexes persists and consequently a high amount of these salts have to be added in the ration in order to meet animal requirements. In addition, inorganic
zinc supplementa-tion negatively affects the water environment, as it results in greater zinc excretion.
Biomet Zn Aqua is a soluble zinc salt chelated to an organic lig-and, methionine, which allows for the formation of a biologically stable ring struc-ture containing zinc. The whole structure does not break apart in
stomach, avoiding the formation of insoluble zinc complexes, and reaches the uptake surfaces in intestine.
Besides being easily absorbed across the epithelial surface, this chelate allows for an easy release of zinc within body tissues (Glover and Hongstrand 2001). Consequently, the supplementation with BIOMET Zn Aqua results in increased zinc bioavailability, preventing deficiency and pro-moting a bene-ficial effect on growth, health and reproduc-tion besides reducing water pollution.
Trial proven effects in tilapia
A study con-ducted at Tanta U n i v e r s i t y (Egypt) has demonstrated the positive effect of Biomet Zn Aqua when supplemented in the diet of Nile tilapia.
The objec-tive of this trial was to evaluate the dietary cal-cium content and effect of zinc source on per formance p a r a m e t e r s of Nile tilapia.
Calcium aggravates phytate blocking of zinc absorption by forming insoluble phytate-calcium-zinc complexes (Xu Chien et al. 2006), thus two dietary calcium levels were fed; normal (0.7% Ca) and high (1.4 % Ca) (see Table 2).
As zinc bioavailability differs between organic and inorganic zinc sources, one inorganic source (zinc sulphate) and two organic sources (Biomet Zn Aqua and zinc proteinate) were supplement-ed (see Table 2). The overall number of treatments was eight, and the total amount of zinc and methionine was similar for all zinc supplemented treatments.
Groups of 15 fish (average weight 3.36g) per treatment were stocked into aquari-ums during twenty-nine weeks. This period included a two-week acclimatization proc-ess, a twenty-four-week growth assessment trial and a three-week digestibility trial.
Results from this trial indicated that zinc bioavailability was enhanced with Biomet Zn Aqua supplementation (see Table 3).
When compared to zinc sulphate, Biomet Zn Aqua increased (P<0.05) serum zinc by 46 percent and 32 percent in normal and high calcium diets, respectively.
22 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2011 September-October 2011 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 23
F: ZincTable 3: Serum zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after zinc supplementation in tilapia diets
Basal diet 1 (0.7% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
T1-Control T2-Zinc sulfate
T3-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T4-Zinc proteinate
Serum zinc (µg/dl) 17.5 c 19.4 b 28.3 a 15.4 d
ALP Activity (U/L) 16.4 de 18.5 b 20.2 a 17.1 c
Basal diet 2 (1.4% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
T5-Control T6-Zinc sulfate
T7-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T8-Zinc proteinate
Serum zinc (µg/dl) 10.2 f 12.7 e 16.8 c 11.7 e
ALP* activity (U/L) 12.3 f 16.9 cd 19.0 b 15.8 e
Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). Analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-effective and sustainable aquaculture practices
ECOBIOL Aquaa highly effective single strain probiotic
GUSTOR Aquaa natural growth promoter
BIOMET Aquaan organic mineral source
NOREL,S.A. • Jesús Aprendiz, 19, 1º A y B • 28007 Madrid (SPAIN)Tel. +34 91 501 40 41 • Fax +34 91 501 46 44 • www.norel.es
Natural nutr
ition
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trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition, 7: 221-228.
Gatlin, D. M., III, Wilson, R. P. (1984). Zinc supplementation of practical channel catfish diets. Aquaculture, 41: 31-36.
Glover, C. N., Hogstrand, C. (2001). Amino acid modulation of in vivo intestinal zinc absorption in freshwater rainbow trout. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205: 151-158.
Hongstrand, C., Webb, N., Wood, C.M. (1998). Covariation in regulation of affinity for branchial zinc and calcium uptake in freshwater rainbow trout during adaptation to waterborne zinc. Journal of Experimental Biology, 186:55-73
Satoh, S., Porn-Ngam, N., Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T. (1993). Effect of various types of phosphates on zinc availability to rainbow trout. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 1395-1400.
Watanabe, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S. (1997). Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture, 151: 185-207.
Xu Chien, X., Zafra-Stone, S., Bagchi, M., Bagchi, D. (2006). Bioavailability, antioxidant and immune enhancing proper ties of zinc methionine. Biofactors, 27: 231-244.
and high calcium diets results in better per-formance and is economically more feasible than zinc sulphate and zinc proteinate.
ConclusionThe formulation of sustainable diets being
composed of plant ingredients in high amounts and animal by-products can lead to lower zinc availability which results in deficiency.
Nutritionists must therefore be cau-tious when formulating these practical diets, as zinc supplementation is likely required. While different zinc supple-ments are available in the market, Biomet Zn Aqua has demonstrated to be a nutritionally functional chelate, which provides a cost-effective solution to improve performance parameters, ensure adequate health status, and reduce water pollution.
ReferencesAlpines, M. J., Satoh, S., Kiron, V., Watanabe, T., Nasu, N., Fujita, S. (2001). Bioavailability of aminoacids chelated and glass embedded zinc to rainbow
When compared to zinc proteinate, improvements were even higher (P<0.05). This was corroborated by increased (P<0.05) activity of alkaline phosphatase, which is a zinc dependent enzyme involved in protein synthesis. As zinc is required for the synthesis and activity of enzymes related to digestion of nutrients the digest-ibility of dry matter, crude protein and fat
were significantly higher in the Biomet Zn Aqua supplemented groups (see Table 4).
The better zinc bioavailability along with the consequent improved nutrient utilization led to better animal performance. As shown by Figure 1, body weight gain in both normal and high calcium diets was higher for Biomet Zn Aqua, particularly after 10 weeks.
In terms of economic efficiency (see Table 5), the cost of the diet includ-ing Biomet Zn Aqua was slightly more expensive; however, the lower conversion rates achieved resulted in reduced cost of production.
Therefore, the use of Biomet Zn Aqua at a dose of 200g/tonne feed in tilapia fed normal
26 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2011
F: Zinc
Figure 1: Bi-weekly body weight gain in zinc supplemented tilapia diets
Table 5: Economic efficiency of zinc supplemented tilapia diets
Basal diet 1 (0.7% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
T1-Control T2-Zinc sulfate
T3-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T4-Zinc proteinate
Feed cost (€/kg) 1.158 1.160 1.163 1.163
FCR 1.91 1.92 1.49 1.95
Cost/kg fish (€/kg) 2.21 2.23 1.73 2.27
Basal diet 2 (1.4% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
T5-Control T6-Zinc sulfate
T7-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T8-Zinc proteinate
Feed cost (€/kg) 1.160 1.162 1.165 1.165
FCR 2.12 2.01 1.77 2.21
Cost/kg fish (€/kg) 2.46 2.34 2.06 2.57
Table 4: Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) in zinc supplemented tilapia diets
Basal diet 1 (0.7% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
% T1-Control T2-Zinc sulfate
T3-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T4-Zinc proteinate
DM 72.1 cd 77.0 b 82.0 a 75.6 b
CP 79.9 b 86.8 a 89.1 a 80.7 b
EE 72.0 e 80.2 c 85.4 a 77.2 d
Basal diet 2 (1.4% Ca - normal) - Treatments 1-4
% T5-Control T6-Zinc sulfate
T7-BIOMET Zn Aqua
T8-Zinc proteinate
DM 69.5 e 73.0 c 77.0 b 70.1 dc
CP 72.4 d 77.0 c 81.5 b 75.7 c
EE 69.8 f 80.2 c 82.8 b 76.2 d
Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05). Analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
No hollow spaces | No cross contaminationExcellent cleaning access | Filtered air inletTemperature control | Moisture control | Cleaning in Place
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IAF11.05.indd 26 02/09/2011 09:26
26 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2011
No hollow spaces | No cross contaminationExcellent cleaning access | Filtered air inletTemperature control | Moisture control | Cleaning in Place
C L E A N C O N T R O L
Swivel Valve Cooler MkII
c o o l a n d d r y
clean and lean
www.geelencounterflow.com
T +31-475-592315
Geelen Counterflow Holland / USA / Argentina / China
IAF11.05.indd 27 02/09/2011 09:26
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Volume 14 I s sue 5 2 011
the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
Broodstock feeds: with added crude palm oil enhances tilapia
egg and larva production
Energy efficiency improving and pellet uniformity control in the
extrusion of aquafeed
BIOMET Zn Aqua:A organic zinc source for aquaculture practices
Challenges associated with carrying out a meta-analysis
of essential amino acid requirements of fish
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