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Batteries are a Large Commodity
The demand for materials used in the
production of batteries and fuel cells has been on a steady rise. According
to a study done by the Freedonia Group, world demand for materials
used in the manufacture of batteries will rise 3.9 percent per year to $22.8
billion in 2012.
So…What are Batteries?
Batteries are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of a group of electric cells that are connected to act as a source of direct current.
Batteries are used in portable electronic applications such as garage door openers and electric lawn mowers
Primary Batteries Advantages
Convenience lower initial costhigher capacity
DisadvantagesContinuous
replacementGreater long term
expenseWaste
Primary cell batteries are
designed to be used once and then discarded
as their electrochemical
reactions are not reversible.
Secondary Batteries Advantages
Can replace primary batteries in some devices
Lower long term expense
Ideal in high drain devices
DisadvantagesGreater initial costShorter shelf life High self-discharge
Secondary cell batteries can
have their chemical reactions readily
reversed giving them the
ability to be recharged.
Ok… So What are Batteries Made Of?
Whether batteries are primary or secondary, they can contain a variety of chemical systems.
Some common chemistries are:
Carbon-zincThe common Eveready primary battery and
standard nine-volt battery is made up of Carbon-zinc. Carbon-zinc is a generic term for primary dry batteries of the LeClanche or Zinc Chloride system. These batteries have an anode of zinc, a cathode of manganese dioxide, and a slightly acidic electrolyte.
Carbon-zinc cells are usually the lowest priced primary cells and have the lowest storage
density of the common battery family.
Alkaline-manganese dioxide primary batteries are basically the same as carbon-
zinc except their chemical makeup has been altered to make them more alkaline.
These batteries have advantages over
standard carbon-zinc such as higher energy density, better cold temperature
performance, slightly lower internal resistance, and longer shelf life.
Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide
Nickel Cadmium cells or “NiCad” were used as one of the oldest styles of rechargeable batteries. They have
the capability of withstanding deep discharges but have a sever drawback as well. The cadmium used in their anodes is highly toxic and also form cadmium
crystals over time creating a “memory effect” reducing the charge the battery will hold over time. This is the main reason many battery manufacturers have discontinued production of this type of battery.
=
So instead…..
Nickel Cadmium
Nickel-Metal Hydride
Nickel-Metal Hydride cells or “NiMH” have been a good substitution as they have essentially the same
qualities as NiCad batteries except by using hydrides, they are not as toxic
and do not form the crystals that cadmium does.
Lithium + ________
Lithium is a fast developing material used today in all shapes and sizes for both primary and rechargeable chemistry combinations. Lithium itself can be used
as an anode for primary batteries surpassing performance of carbon-zinc and alkaline systems while lithium-ion cells are the fastest growing and most promising battery rechargeable chemistry to
date.
Lithium-ion cells are showing high promise because they are lighter than other energy-
equivalent secondary cell batteries, do not develop a memory effect and have a lower self discharge
rate.
Future Research?
The search still goes on for the “Holy Grail” of batteries and studies are drawing power from just about every source that is imaginable. Studies in Nanotechnology
is a major focus as nanowires can be made from various materials. Some developments are:
Micro Batteries Paper Batteries
Nanowire solar cells
THE END(AND THANKS FOR LOOKING. )
So then the investment for the next generation of portable energy storage will remain stable and new technologies will
continue to surface.
Image CreditsEnergizer Corp.
Getty Images stockOnlybatteries.com
greenoptimistic.com
Referencehttp://www.advanced-battery.com/nicd.htm
http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/alkaline_appman.pdfhttp://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=20980
http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdfhttp://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_best_battery
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHwhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-battryElec.html