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Creativity and Design
Day 3: How?
http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/622572/ACI-Design-Creativity-Map/
http://www.whoismcafee.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/jm-do-something-diff..jpg
Innovation champion What is the country that you consider to be the leading innovation champion?
Q1. What is THE country that you consider to be the leading innovation champion? Base business executives: 2,748
+5 -1 - 1 +2 = + 1-3 = =NEW
ENTRANTS-6 +1 + 1 +1NEW
ENTRANTS
Points difference with 2014 ranking
33%
17%
10% 9%
3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
USA Japan Germany China SouthKorea
Israel UAE UK India Sweden France Singapore Australia KSA Canada Russia Switzerland Malaysia Turkey Mexico SouthAfrica
Finland
3
1: “Other countries are innovative”
2: “Other countries are not innovative”
A: “My country is innovative”
Emancipated view Oppressive view
B: “My country is not innovative”
Oppressed view Sceptic view
Table 1. Four general types of views of creativity based on Freire (2000).
https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/GII-2015-Infographics.pdf
https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/GII-2015-Infographics.pdf
http://martinprosperity.org/media/Global-Creativity-Index-2015.pdf
http://martinprosperity.org/media/Global-Creativity-Index-2015.pdf
Innovative diversity
• Power Distance: the degree of equality/inequality between people in a particular society
• Individualism: the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships
• Masculinity: the degree societies reinforce the traditional masculine work role model of achievement, control, and power
• Uncertainty Avoidance: the level of acceptance for uncertainty and ambiguity within a society
• Long-Term Orientation: how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future
• Indulgence: the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised
http://geert-hofstede.com/
http://geert-hofstede.com/
Seven (7) countries in the Geert Hofstede research have Individualism (IDV) as their highest Dimension: USA (91), Australia (90), United Kingdom (89), Netherlands and Canada (80), and Italy (76).
High IDV ranking indicates a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others. The populace is more self-reliant and looks out for themselves and their close family members.
“The low Individualism (IDV) ranking is manifest in a close and committed member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.”
http://geert-hofstede.com/
Asia and Latin America: Collectivism
Scandinavian countries: “A low Masculinity (MAS) may be indicative of a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In this culture, females are treated more equally to males in all aspects of society. This low Masculinity ranking may also be displayed as a more openly nurturing society.”
http://geert-hofstede.com/
“Masculine society: Performance is highly valued and early required as the school system separates children into different types of schools at the age of ten.
People rather “live in order to work” and draw a lot of self-esteem from their tasks. Managers are expected to be decisive and assertive. Status is often shown, especially by cars, watches and technical devices.”
http://geert-hofstede.com/
Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)
• High UAI when people feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations;
• Low UAI when “risks are accepted, such as changing jobs and starting activities for which there are no rules”
Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's Consequences; Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, Thousand Oaks: Sage
http://www.designsingapore.org/Files/Dsg_II_Strategic_Blueprint.pdf
“… this rate of change will need to be matched with mindset and paradigm changes in order for us to maintain our ability to innovate, and to create new value.
Design must become the critical strategic tool for futureproofing Singapore from the uncertainties of the future.”
Reflect
How can you embrace ambiguity?
Does your team/organisation avoid uncertainty?
Remember recent responses to uncertainty
Challenge
Look for stable certainties, then prioritise them
Select one certainty near the top of your list
Question it, imagine alternate scenarios and their consequences
Discussion
When may ambiguity be desirable/valuable?
How may we work with ambiguity?
Develop ways for you and your team to welcome ambiguity
Every organisation requires a unique approach to nurture a creative atmosphere17
http://www.todayonline.com/
What type of creativity may fit your organisation?
Creative leadership
http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000yUjs2SzhMLY/s/900/720/009TokyoKaraoke25OCT12-DSC4431.jpg
Creativity, Design, & Innovation thrive in the right conditions, and ‘timing’ is crucial21
http://www.todayonline.com/
-Break-
Design and Creativity
(D&C)
why?
who?
how?what if?
so what?
how?
Abductive logic
‘Inference to the best explanation’
Premises that lead to “what if?” statements
Deductive: “All men are mortal, therefore…”Inductive: “All swans are white…”Abductive: “Our new idea will be a success…”
Think abductively
Apple G4 Cube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-PB86oy044
Rotman Design Challenge 2013
www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNgBRcp0u7w
Most people…
• Believe that failure is wrong • Assume that success is failure-free• Associate failure with embarrassment• Fail twice: don’t learn once they fail• Fear failure (kiasu, ‘scared to lose’)• Dismiss, forget or hide their failures
“Babe” Ruth hit 714 home runs in his career (1914-1935)
He also struck out 1,330 times in his career
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cliffbaise/4479440032
“Alfred Nobel was full of ideas; he said ‘If I have a
thousand ideas a year, and only one turns out to be
good, I am satisfied’. I, too, am full of ideas, and I
would be satisfied with one good idea per year”
Dr. Linus Paulinghttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laure
ates/1962/pauling-acceptance_en.html
Make failure desirable, as evidence of learning and trying new ideas22
http://www.todayonline.com/
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kZKG2wqs9_Y/maxresdefault.jpg
Reflect
What is your attitude towards failure?
How does your organisation respond to failure?
What could be positive about failing?
“Fail Early, Fail Fast and Fail Often”
http://undergradsuccess.com/http://funnie.st/458449/epic-sports-fails/3/
Learn from others’ mistakes
Identify the numerous failures behind successful people / businesses
Look for ‘trial and error’ processes (in nature, science, society, etc)
http://www.fastcompany.com/3038446/innovation-agents/failure-has-never-been-more-successful
Challenge
Try doing something new, anything you haven’t tried so far
Focus on your emotions toward errorOvercome, learn, persist and improve
Discussion
When and how is failure possible and important?
What alternatives to failure can you envision?
What changes are necessary to enable failure as a valid and useful way of doing things?
http://thinkd.org/category/bad/
Not all failure is obvious. Some successes are failures23
Dr. Ricardo Sosa: [email protected]
- Lunch -
3 Lenses
http://savic.cc/tag/feasibility/ http://www.wixomdesigns.com/architecture.php
http://www.maelabs.ucsd.edu/mae3/handouts/design-process-Ullman.pdf
von Hippel 1993/ modified by: http://www.tuhh.de/tim/downloads/arbeitspapiere/Arbeitspapier_4.pdf
http://v2.centralstory.com/about/squiggle/
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/43555/InTech-Sustainable_product_innovation_the_importance_of_the_front_end_stage_in_the_innovation_process.pdf
H Plattner, C Meinel & LJ Leifer (Eds.), Design Thinking: Understand–Improve–Apply. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
Design is more a journey than a “process” (there are clear heuristics, though)24
http://www.todayonline.com/
http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/Documents/Images/Our%20work/Challenges/Health/AandE/Toolkit/DoubleDiamond_580.jpg
http://www.mech.utah.edu/senior_design/07/uploads/Main/Lect12-ConceptSelection.pdf
The div/conv linear model
Funnel
1. Temporary choices: converge by iterating divergence2. Successive approximations: Problem-solution coevolve together 3. Ideas are not light bulbs: Eureka! is less having the idea, and more
understanding it4. Clear vision: but remain flexible (pivoting)5. No right/wrong responses, but more/less appropriate6. Abductive reasoning: ban the phrase “prove it!”7. F4: Fail early, fail cheap, fail often, fail different
http://www.fastcompany.com/pivothttp://www.fastcompany.com/1836238/how-eric-ries-coined-pivot-and-what-your-business-can-learn-it
Co-Design
Liz Sanders and her team use this map to present participatory approaches in design: http://www.maketools.com
Form
Why do products look that way?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrolmc/7164090959/sizes/c/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/tonythemisfit/3216348493/sizes/z/in/photostream/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/noyzmedia/2903967082/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/g4r37h/3753545070/sizes/z/in/photostream/
http://www.sd.polyu.edu.hk/iasdr/proceeding/papers/A%20study%20on%20classifying%20the%20form%20of%20mobile%20phones%20with%20eidetic%20reduction%20method.pdf
http://www.thesupercars.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Volkswagen-Beetle1.jpghttp://www.carsbase.com/photo/Volkswagen-New_Beetle_mp53_pic_1296.jpg
http://people.gnome.org/~federico/news-photos/2006-06-6755-casa-mila.jpghttp://www.natures-desktop.com/images/wallpapers/800x600/man-made/brick-red-chimneys.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jingleslenobel/6806186496/http://www.flickr.com/photos/tr1stan27/4408550933/
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wildhiss/4114375011/http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/3343636461/
http://www.hoax-slayer.com/images/dew-water-poison-hoax-1.jpg
http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/news/4307736
http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/news/4307736
Dr. Ricardo Sosa: [email protected]
Dr. Ricardo Sosa: [email protected]://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/09/smartwatch-wars-the-apple-watch-versus-android-wear-in-screenshots/
http://redmodernfurniture.com/2007/03/18/mickey-mouse-glove-chair/
http://www.coroflot.com/miguelalmena/Childrens-Furniture
Appearance should have depth25
http://www.todayonline.com/
Thomas Edison
J. Utzon
Frank Gehry
http://www.brookbanham.com/sketches
A. G. Bell
Key idea is: speed sketching is NOT about aesthetic quality, but seeing/thinking/communicating in more and flexible ways to represent ideas
“Idea sketching” is NOT an artistic skill. It’s NOT about accuracy or beauty (at all),but fluency (speed) and to support your thinking
26
http://www.todayonline.com/
Lines
Basic 2D Shapes
• To draw freehand sketches• Train you to use pencils, pens and markers to draw sketches
3. Basic 3D shapes[15”]
Extrusion
Orthogonal
http://images.bit-tech.net/content_images/2010/08/fun-with-remote-control-vehicles/ar.drone.jpg
http://www.lowcostbathrooms.com/images/products/zoom/1276601703-25790600.jpg
Top and front views
http://www.clker.com/cliparts/d/8/3/1/1310140523740641197apple-macbook-pro-mc374lla-13.3-inch-laptop-front-top-view-1.jpghttp://www.hightech-edge.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/macbook-pro.jpg
http://www.lenovo.com/images/gallery/main/lenovo-laptop-ideapad-z400-touch-dark-chocolate-front-back-view-1.jpg
Draw
http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/07/Marfa-10by10-Candid-Rogers-Architect-3.jpg
Draw top and front view of:
http://www.bryanchina.com/BPB-250H%20Squares%20Square%20Bowl%20Porcelain.jpg
Draw 3 views of:
http://www.piborg.com/images/TriBorg/TriBorg-PiCy-Full.png
Draw 3 views of:
http://freshome.com/2013/06/10/table-with-a-twist-the-kaari-table-by-juhani-horelli/
Build something with:
url
Form Activity
Draw a cube (10 sec)
Form Activity
Draw a happy cube (10 sec)
Form Activity
Draw a student cube (10 sec)
Form Activity
Draw a story in 3 acts with two shapes (1 min)
“Idea sketching” augments perception, supports thinking, and enables communication27
http://www.todayonline.com/
- Break -
Use 2 geometries of 3 sides as initial
shapes to generate as many unique
compositions resulting in more
than 2 final geometries
1 2
sample composition resulting in more than 2 shapes
1
2
3
Use 2 geometries of 3 sides as initial
shapes to generate as many unique
compositions resulting in more
than 2 final geometries
this composition features:shape #1 = 6 sidesshape #2 = 4 sidesshape #3 = 3 sides
how many unique compositions can you create combining 2 triangles?
3
2
1
Have a conversation with your drawings28
http://www.todayonline.com/
- Break -
Challenge
Redefine the common security padlock
http://wordlock.com/
Product Features:•Letter Lock™ - Popular combination lock with easy to dial and remember 3-letter combinations•Easy to remember phrase included with each padlock for additional convenience
•Extra wheels on-pack allows for greater personalization
http://www.masterlock.com/
The Secret and Beauty of Ancient Chinese Padlocks Hong-Sen Yan, Hsing-Hui Huang
http://140.116.71.92/lock/english/char.htm
http://www.datagenetics.com/blog/march32012/index.html
1876 CLARKE http://restraintsblog.blogspot.sg/2010/12/1876-clarke-10-letter-combination.html
“Chindogu”
Function
Why do products work that way?
Abstracting and decomposing a product into functions
Function: “a statement of a clear, reproducible relationship between the available input and the desired
output –independent of any specific form”
Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson
Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson
Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson
Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson
Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson
DYI ice cream parlour (red block is child, pink is parent)Pretend food cooking lessons for children (red and pink are children)TV show, pink is camera crewCooking competition, pink is judge
Turn function/activity analysis into a creative tool of synthesis29
http://www.todayonline.com/
- Break -
Meaning
Why do products feel that way?
• Accomplishment: achieving goals• Beauty: appreciation of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or spirit• Community: sense of unity with others around us and a general connection• Creation: sense of having produced something new and original• Duty: willing application of oneself to a responsibility• Enlightenment: clear understanding through logic or inspiration• Freedom: sense of living without unwanted constraints• Harmony: balanced and pleasing relationship of parts to a whole• Justice: assurance of equitable and unbiased treatment• Oneness: sense of unity with everything around us• Redemption: atonement or deliverance from past failure or decline• Security: freedom from worry about loss• Truth: commitment to honesty and integrity• Validation: recognition of oneself as a valued individual worthy of respect• Wonder: awe in the presence of a creation beyond one’s understanding
http://www.makingmeaning.org/meanings.html
What is your most meaningful object? Why?
Rapid ethnography project• Religious items (faith, belonging, protection)• Vespa (achievement, independence)• House, flat, car (achievement, personality, security)• Soccer shoes (function), fountain pen from college (memories)• Glasses (function), hair gel (identity), oven (it’s complicated), Pokemon toy (hard to
obtain)• Painting (confidence, self-esteem), ring last present given from his father (loneliness,
reconciliation)• Portraits, rings, presents, blankets, suitcase, custom-made: book, pillows, journals,
signed items (promises, attachment, relationships, memories from times, self and others)
• Traditional musical instruments (authority, pride, belonging, giving)• Beyond objects: smells, ways of acquiring, spaces
• Context, stories, past and memories, achievement, plans, items lost, from 8 to 90 years old (family members, colleagues, helpers), conscious effort of reflection, articulation and empathy, maker culture and ‘scars’, honest/accurate responses, future: investment or preparing something for children, giving and receiving, children more functional but even from young age (2): “mommy/daddy bought it”, things that lose vs. gain value over time.
Richard Seymour: How beauty feels
http://www.ted.com/talks/richard_seymour_how_beauty_feels.html
Semantic Differential
1. Create a scale using polar adjectives (opposite-meaning terms)2. Use as a guide three dimensions: strength, value, and activity3. Ask subjects to rate an object or concept, assigning a mark on one of the five
(or seven) spaces along each dimension4. Positive and negative attributes should be varied from left to right
http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/scaling/semdiff.htm
http://www.ijdesign.org/ojs/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/170/146
Perceptual Maps
http://www.core77.com/reactor/04.06_xbox.asp
http://vimeo.com/6827740
Form and function create meaning30
http://www.todayonline.com/
- End of Day 3-
