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What is Creativity ?
Defining creativity
• Small or big « C »• All domains
– Science, technique– Business, commerce– Art, Literature– Personal
• Individual or group– Companies– Improvisation (Jazz, theater)
• Without application, experimentation– How to know if an idea is
worthwhile ? – What would be an artist
who does not practice art ?
Original and worthwhile
(according to peers) idea or solution
And its application!
Why study creativity ?
• Leverage our creative talent• Better solve problems• Improve teaching and training• Be a better salesman, engineer, artist…• Become a more innovative company
Improve your or your organisation’s
creativity
History of creativity
Spiritual stream of thought
Creativity in western culture
Antiquity Romantism1760 - 1850
Modernism, impressionnism
1850 - 1940
Post-modernism1920 – 2012
Comes from unconscious, instinct, madness, excentricity, childhood.
Expressionism, Surrealism
1910 - 1950Comes from gods & muses (Plato)
Lumières1670-1820
Comes from emotion, du daydream, inspiration is spontaneous.
Demands a conscious rational work (Aristotle)
Renaissance1300 - 1600
Reason, learning, work, knowledge.
Leonardo da VinciNewton, Diderot, Voltaire
genious
Reason, observation Relativism, pluralism, scepticism, rejection of utopia
New age1940 - 2012
Discovery of essential selfTherapyInspiration may be a form of superconsciousness, or perhaps of subconsciousness - I wouldn't know. But I am sure it is the antithesis of self- consciousness. Aaron Copland
I want to be a machine Andy Warhol
The true work of art is born from the 'artist': a mysterious, enigmatic, and mystical creation. Vassily Kandinsky, Concerning the spiritual in art
Form follows fonction. Le Corbusier
One morning, one of us lacking black, used blue : impressionnism was born.Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Classicism is health, romanticism is sickness… Goethe
Rational stream of thought
Some books on creativity
Artists exaggerate their eccentricity in psychological testingBecker
50% of innovations are made by 10% of domain specialists Simonton
The breakdown in communication between the brain hemispheres kills creativity (we need the left brain AND right brain to be creative)Restak
Creativity cannot be inherited genetically - research on monozygotic and heterozygous twinsBarron, Vanderberg, Reznikoff et al.
Above IQ=120, creativity does not increaseGetzels & Jackson
Failed attempts to measure creativity by a standard test
1962
The « science » of creativity1950 - 70
19931968-73
1999
2000
Nobel laureates publish twice more than other scientistsSimonton
1988
Motivation and creativityIntrisic
motivation is essential for
creativity
Genious is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration Thomas Edison
External rewards (eg financial) do not seem
to help and in some cases may interfere Torrance 65 / Amabile 80-96 /
Eisenberger & Cameron 96 / Hennessey 03
No universal creativityCreative people are creative only in their
area of expertiseFeldman 74-80, John-steiner 85, Csikszenmihalyi 88
Creativity cannot be explained without action
We reached our optimum after 10,000 hours of practice (5 years full time) Malcolm Gladwell
J.S. Bach Pablo PicassoSteve JobsAlbert EinsteinImage : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg Image : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Matt_Yohe Image : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg Image : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pablo_picasso_1.jpg
Eminence and formal education
Formal education
140
120
100
80
Emin
ence
High school
Graduate Master Doctorate
Creators
Simonton, 1983Notes : 1/ Relevant for USA 2/ Average school level has increased since then
The most famous designers in their field are not necessarily those who have the most education
Creativity myths
Creativity comes from the unconscious ?
… and is uncontrollable ?– This idea dates from the
romantic era… – ..and was reinforced by
Freudian psychoanalysis
But we are creative only in our domains of expertise!… research shows that creativity is mostly the result of conscious work
– The more creative geniouses are also the most productive ones
– Nobel price laureates publish twice more than other researchers (Simonton 1988)²
13
John KeatsFreud
Jacques Lacan Percy Bysshe Shelley
Image : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud_Anciano.jpg
Image : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Lacan.jpg
Image : www.reusableart.com/v/people/portraits/arts/artists-03.jpg.html
Image : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg
Are children more creative ?Does education kill their creativity ?
This idea dates from the romantic era
Children were considered pure and adults corrupted
But creativity demands competence to flourish
Education makes creativity possible
Is creativity the expression of the essential self ?(« new age » belief)
Creation is related to the time in history and society
Problem : a painting, a music from 500 years ago is always « dated »
Is inspiration spontaneous ?
Work, organisation are essential for inspiration
…but there are more formally trained artists than ever before
Chance favors the prepared mind Louis Pasteur
Are the most creative people misunderstood geniuses ?
The myth of the misunderstood genius dates from the nineteenth century.Misunderstood geniuses are actually very rare.
It is often believed that Mendel and impressionists were misunderstood in their time but ...Mendel and his work were
renowned at his time (but the true scope of his work could not be understood at the time, even by himself)
The Impressionists had their own galleries and buyers in their lifetime
Image : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel.png
Gregor MendelImage : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PARenoir.jpg
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Creativity = originality = break conventions ?
… and one can be creative within an existing genre
… but it should be worthwhile!
Are we all equally creative?
True at birth : creativity is not genetic. We can all become creative in some domains.But false at adulthood for a given domain.10% scientists publish 50% of most cited papers
How does creativity
work?
Analytical phase
Prospective phase
The three steps of creative problem solving
Identify an interesting problem
Divergentthinking
Convergentthinking
Find « the » solution, or a good solution
Find solutionsFind problems, identify needs
AnalysisProspectiveIdentify
A problem Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Identifying meaningful problems, asking the right questions is a key characteristic of creative people…
If I had one hour to save the world, I would spend 59 minutes defining the problem and one minute solving it… Albert Einstein
Computers are useless. They can only give answers… Pablo Picasso
Some related qualities : - Listen to the unusual- Identify consequences that make the
subject essential
Examples of important questions :
Why is the speed of light the same everywhere ?... led to the discovery of relativity by Einstein
How to use colors differently?… one of the essentiel questions that led to impressionnism
How to make bus stop shelters viable?... led to the worldwide success of Decaux
AnalysisProspectiveIdentify
A problem Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Imagine many possible answers to a question.
1970/71 : these tests do not correlate well with real individual creativity.
Divergent thinking tests have been developed in the 60s.
Also called lateral thinking (Edward De Bono)Image: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Zureks
AnalysisProspectiveIdentify
A problem Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Example : the quota method
When at least three good ideas have been found, many more are generally found!
Always ask at least 3 ideas from your team (& yourself!):- Different options, alternate solutions>> Or refuse to decide
Break the "linear thinking" propensity to :- settle for the first idea - logical reasoning, that locks you in the first solution
AnalysisProspectiveIdentify
A problem Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
IQ Tests
Deductive capacity: deduce the consequences.
Ability to identify benefits and risks. Keep the best and eliminate wrong answers.Evaluation / selection.
Positive and critical thinking
No standard test
AnalysisProspectiveIdentify
A problem Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
Problem identification
Great advances are usually the result of a long process that is a sum of intuitions and successive progresses.
AnalysisProspective
Why cannot we create a standardized test measuring individual creativity?
Identify an interesting problem
Divergentthinking
Convergent thinking
IQ testsDivergent thinking tests
produce mixed results
No standard test for ability to formulate
interesting problemsEmotional
Intelligence
Creativity implies domain
knowledge
Creativity is a process
Creativity is often a group phenomenon
AnalysisProspective
Identify an interesting problem
Divergentthinking
Convergent thinking
Characteristics of creative peopleMcKinnon 78, Barron & Harrington 81, Feist 88, Tardif & Sternberg 88
Verbal fluency
Metaphorical thinking
Ability to visualize problems Flexible decision
making
Tolerance for ambiguity, acceptance
of internal conflicts
Energetic, willingness to overcome obstacles
Alert
Ready to take risks
Open to new experiences
Independence, autonomy
Confidence, courage in one’s opinions
Little self-censorship
High IQ
Interest for complex problems
Group Creativity
• Collaboration boosts creativity– Challenge, exchange of ideas…
• Factors group creativity(Larey & Paulus 99, Taylor & al 58)– Having worked together for a long time– Sharing common knowledge– Complementary expertise
• Group more creative than the individual if – The sum of everybody’s knowledge is important to understand the
problem
• Depends on the phase of the creativity process (Sawyer 03)– Find a problem : diverse participants obtain better results – Solve a problem : participants sharing expertise obtain better results
Creativity of the organisation
• Related to the ability to create a culture of collaboration• IQ explains only 10% of job performance• The myth of talent
– Assumes that people make the organization intelligent– Most often, the opposite is true (Gladwell 2002)
• Many of Edison’s inventors were originally young guys recruited for basic tasks– Self-taught, without electricity or chemistry degree / Chemistry / ...
Creativity of the organisationThomas Edison
1903 Patents and inventions
How is it possible ?
1866: Telegraph1869: Telegraph multiplex1874 : TTY1876 : Best phone microphone1877: Gramophone1879: Improved incandescent bulb1882: Power Station1888: Electric Chair1888 Camera / cinema projector1893 Production Studio1893: Cinema1895: X-ray light1903: Improved Camera1913 Camera for talkies1915: Nickel-iron battery
William Hammer: flashlight, illuminated signs, power plants, treatment of cancer by radiation, photoluminescent dialsEdward Acheson: carbon lamps, artificial diamond... 70 patentsLewis Howard Latimer: carbon filament manufacturing , carbon globe light bulbs, refrigeration system...George F. Morrison : lamp filament manufacture...Francis Robbins Upton: Watt meter, incandescent lamp, electrical distribution, dynamo, fire alarm ...William Kennedy Dickson : 35mmcamera & film projector, celluloid film camera.Henry Ford: Cars ...Miller Reese Hutchison : horn, hearing aid, naval tachometer ...Arthur Kennelly: Electric Chair ...Nikola Tesla: AC motor, radio ..
Majority of inventions made by members of his laboratory often in his name
Image : commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edison-at_home_in_Ft._Myers_Florida_1914_detail_LC-LC-USZ62-131044_.tiff_adjusted.jpg
Can you become more creative?
Individual creativity level is
not genetic
Everyone can learn to
be more creative
Companies can become
more creative
1972 Torrance identifies 142 scientific studies demonstrating that creativity can be enhanced by specific techniques (training or other)
Creativity is a group and a
social phenomenon
Creativity techniques
Constructions: LEGOs, blocs…
Innovation games
Luke Hohmann
TRIZGenrich Altshuller
Brainstorming, brainwriting,
method 635, CPS
Synectics (analogical reasoning)
Frame gamesThagi
Rational« Serious creativity »
Gaming
Idea gathering
Idea box, idea intranets,
participatory innovation
Irrational
Lateral thinking, 6 hats
Edward De Bono
Detour approaches
Mindmaps Tony Buzan
Crowdsourcing Random approaches
Improvisation
Idea Gathering TechniquesBrainstorming, brainwriting,
method 365, CPSParticipatory innovation
Idea boxes, idea intranets
Alex Orborn
President & co-founder of BBDO
In order to answer a question, generate in a meeting as many ideas as possible in a short time without exercising censorship on the participants.
Analyze and prioritize ideas afterwards.
Shôgun Tokugawa Yoshimune
1721: the best ideas deposited in a “idea box” (meyasu bako) are rewarded.
Seventies : japanese companies develop quality circles and « Kaizen ».
2000s: idea management software, participatory innovation: open procedures for the collection, analysis and application of ideas.
2010s: companies seeking new ideas outside with idea crowdsourcing : Crossing, YourEncore, CrowdSpirit, InnoCentive
Image : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Yoshimune.jpg
Rational approaches
TRIZ
Lateral thinking, 6 hats…
Mindmaps
Tony BuzanEdward de Bono
Genrich Altshuller
He discovers universal laws of technological invention. Each solves a contradiction between physical quantities.
To innovate, one identifies contradictions, then applies these laws, which provide avenues to explore.
“Lateral thinking" escapes from the linear thinking for example by introducing a random component in reasoning.
The "six hats" are a means to materialize the most common reasoning attitudes.
Means to visually represent ideas, facts ...
Mindmaps are used to summarize existing knowledge, gather ideas (brainstorming), or organize tasks or information (meeting management…).
Image : www.tonybuzan.com/gallery/photos/
Image: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genrikh_Saulovich_Altshuller_commemorative_plaque_in_Petrozavodsk.JPG
Gaming techniques
Constructions: LEGOs, blocks…
Innovation gamesFrame games35, Take5, envelope…
Thiagi Luke Hohmann
Fun activities to collect, organize, prioritize ideas with clients to establish for instance a product roadmap...
« Cheaper, faster, better »Games or generic interactive activities suitable for all kinds of training situations or brainstorming.
Using "lego" cubes, magic slates, or other materials to "see & feel" real situations and generate insights and ideas more easily.
Gamestorming
83 Fun Activities to brainstorm, including "innovations games" Thiagi games, other games ...
Image : www.thiagi.com/pictures/
Image : innovationgames.com/about/
« Non rational » Techniques
Ideation phaseDistanciation phase
1/ Blanks fuzzy, ambiguous ideas, 2/ Scanning / crossover: one follows the track to push the idea as far as possible until it becomes useful. Principle : turn ideas into positive. To make it work, it would have to …
Principle : distort and transform the problem into an evocation that stimulates the imagination Approaches : Deformation, forced encounters, dreamlike techniques, projective graphics …
Detour techniques : one distances himself from the problem and then then returns to it to converge. The distance stimulates imagination. Idea production follows.
"Making the familiar strange, making the strange familiar." 3 types of analogies:‒ Direct: natural (animal, plant), or graphic‒ Symbolic parable, metaphor‒ Fantasy: dream, daydreamPersonal approach: personal identification with the situation
Analog techniques shift the problem with analogies, and explores them.
William Gordon
4 Methods useful for Marketing & SalesInnovation games
BrainstormingLateral thinking, 6 hats
Mindmaps
Represent information (ideas or facts) in the form of a diagram
called "mental map"
Usage: synthesis of information / collaborative
brainstorming ...
Fun activities rather than games rather, they aim to collect,
organize and prioritize ideas
Usage : product roadmap, identifying growth drivers ...
Approach to overcome the limitations of the "linear, logic
thinking" while remaining rational
Usage : problem solving, product ideas ...
Collection of ideas to produce a maximum of ideas which are then
analyzed and sorted
Usage : product ideas, solutions to a problem, names, slogans ...
Tony Buzan Luke Hohmann
Edward de Bono
Alex Osborne (BBDO)
4 Methods useful for Marketing & SalesInnovation games
BrainstormingLateral thinking, 6 hats
Mindmaps
Represent information (ideas or facts) in the form of a diagram
called "mental map"
Usage: synthesis of information / collaborative
brainstorming ...
Fun activities rather than games rather, they aim to collect,
organize and prioritize ideas
Usage : product roadmap, identifying growth drivers ...
Approach to overcome the limitations of the "linear, logic
thinking" while remaining rational
Usage : problem solving, product ideas ...
Collection of ideas to produce a maximum of ideas which are then
analyzed and sorted
Usage : product ideas, solutions to a problem, names, slogans ...
Tony Buzan Luke Hohmann
Edward de Bono
Alex Osborne (BBDO)
Principle of Mind Maps
• Representation of facts, ideas, knowledge ...– Visual– Compact– Tree (hierarchical)– Main concept at the center– Sub-concepts radiating from the center
How to Mind Map
Put key words, parts of sentences– Compact: on one "sheet"– Gives an overview of a problem– Helps to remember details
Use colors, images, symbols– Facilitates memorisation
Add associations– Link concepts from different
branches
An element can appear multiple times– It can be highlighted for example
by emphasizing
Use mapping software– Many software exist, several free
ones– Flexible– Distribution of map is easier– Can be further modified
Progressive construction without pre-determined order– With mind mapping software– Enables to complete a mind map
anytime
Multiple tree levels– More compact diagram– Ability to zoom / navigate
Mind Mapping Software
• Proprietary tools interfaced with MS Office– Mindjet MindManager– MatchWare MindView– MindGenius– MindMapper
• Free tools– CAM Editor– Freeplane*– FreeMind– Xmind* – yED
Avantages of Mind Mapping Software
• Word / PPT / Excel export• Sharing is easier• Content is reusable
Mind Maps & Documents
DOCUMENTGenerally underlying tree structure– Title– Chapters
• Sub chapters– Paragraphs
– Bibliography– Index
… & linear appearance
Linear reading is not the most efficient reading approach!
MIND MAPAny document can be summarized by a mind map – Very efficient to review
important points
Mind Mapping tools enable to– Export to WORD / PPT /…– Import from WORD
Mind maps are a way to create documents
A Mind Map is a non linear document.
Avantages of Mind Mapping Software
• No limitation in page size
Example : Edward de Bono, Penser vite et bien – méthode « BESCA »
Avantages of Mind Mapping Software
• Mask / Develop portions of the tree
Example : Edward de Bono, Penser vite et bien – méthode « BESCA »
Avantages of Mind Mapping Software
• Add / suppress anytime : living maps• Reorganize easily to structure your ideas differently
Avantages of Mind Mapping Software
• Map Style Management
Some uses of Mind Maps
Brainstorming, creativity, problem solving– Present problems, causes,
possible solutions– Possibility to associate concepts
Communication tool– Expose information in a concise
& interactive way
Checklists– List of points to check– Checkboxes
Document summary– Important notions & ideas
Prepare a job interview– Answers to common questions – Information on the company– Information on the contact
Write an essay– Outline– Main points
Learning languages– Domain vocabulary
Project management– WBS / OBS are trees– Project phases & progress– Participants– Ressources
4 Methods useful for Marketing & SalesInnovation games
BrainstormingLateral thinking, 6 hats
Mindmaps
Represent information (ideas or facts) in the form of a diagram
called "mental map"
Usage: synthesis of information / collaborative
brainstorming ...
Fun activities rather than games rather, they aim to collect,
organize and prioritize ideas
Usage : product roadmap, identifying growth drivers ...
Approach to overcome the limitations of the "linear, logic
thinking" while remaining rational
Usage : problem solving, product ideas ...
Collection of ideas to produce a maximum of ideas which are then
analyzed and sorted
Usage : product ideas, solutions to a problem, names, slogans ...
Tony Buzan Luke Hohmann
Edward de Bono
Alex Osborne (BBDO)
Brainstorming
• 1938 : Technique invented by Alex Osborn, co-founder of BBDO to:– Find many ideas for commercials– Withour censorship of participants
Define the problem
Generateideas
(ideation)
• Suspend judgment• Playful thought• As many ideas as
possible• Combine &
improve
Look for solutions
• Prioritize with color dots
• Analyze most promising ideas
3 Phases of Brainstorming
4 rules of ideation
Do not criticize, approve, judge,
discourage, evaluate
Unconstrained thought: impossible, absurd, crazy ideas
are welcome…
Quick generation of many ideas
Adapt, modify, magnify, minify,
substitute, swap, combine
Practical Aspects
With a facilitatorNote each idea – With the author’s words
• Do not interpret or reformulate– Telegraphic style– Write in very large letters– Large post-it notes
• To re-position / regroup similar ideas
Large flipboard
« Brainwriting »
• Often done in companies– Easy to do
• Everybody – Notes his/her ideas beforehand– Sticks his/her ideas on the board– Reads them to the others
Few associations Pratical
Participative but not very
creative
Scientific studies refute classic brainstorming
Scientific research shows that brainstorming groups produce fewer ideas than the sum of individual participants – Mullen, Johnson, Salas 1991• Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: a meta-analysis
integration. Basic & applied social psychology, 12, 3-123 – Larey & Paulus, 1999• Group preference and convergent tendencies in small
groups: a content analysis of group brainstorming performance, Creativity research journal 12, 175-184
When to use Brainstorming
Good for• Advertising, marketing, daily life• Problems with many possible
solutions• First step to other approaches to
creativity
Critics of Brainstorming• Too many useless ideas• Participants not necessarily involved
in the implementation• Takes time• Too many ideas already known
How to generate more ideas, more
creative ?
Brainstorming according to Tom Kelley
• "The idea engine” of IDEO's culture '• Define the problem to be solved• Prepare
– Documentation, visits, benchmarking– Existing solutions– Material to implement ideas
• Write rules of the game– No critic – One at a time– Look for quantity– Be visual– Encourage crazy ideas
• Number ideas• Look for
– Fluidity– Improvement of ideas– Totally different ideas
• Post-it + Paperboard
Transgressive Methods
• We are more creative in situations of transgression
• Create a fun / challenging situation• What shocks us stimulates us–Crazy ideas– Stupid ideas– Strange Ideas
… et facilitates associations of ideas
Random Methods
• Escape linear thinking• Random words– Draw a word randomly– See what idea it inspires you
• Random inages– Visualise images dranw randomly– See what they evoque, which solution to the
problem they suggest
Random Methods
• Google storming– Start with a word– Search it on Google– Click on a link in the top 5 (that seems interesting)– Seeing what you can find inspires you in relation to
the problem to be solved– Bounce on other research
– Do not start looking too much into the content of the pages
– Stay focused on the original goal
Analogical Methods
• Principle – Shifts the problem by making analogies– See what ideas each analogy brings– Return to the initial problem
• Synectics (Gordon - 1961), analogies :– Direct : natural (animal, plant), or graphic– Symbolic : parable, metaphor– Fantasy: dream, daydream– Personal approach: identify with the situation
Follow the rules of improvisation
• Keep space for yes– Say « YES »– Do not criticize– Say what you find good– Create trust
• Bring your own stone – Say « AND »– Contribute, in a small or
large way– Or ask a question…To study an idea thouroughly
YES, AND…
Constructive brainstorm
6 Thinking Hats
Facts driven
Feelings, intuition
Careful examination of negative aspects
Process driven
Optimism : examine benefits, feasibility
New ideas, creative attitude
Edward de Bono
6 mental attitudes that we all have
6 mental attitudes
Not personality types !
Personal confusion
ProcessFacts
Feelings
Imagination Critical
Positive
Directed thought, mastered
• Focus on the most suitable hat• Change hats when needed
Direct your thoughtExample : you want to progress in
tennis
Express your enthusiasm (stay motivated)
Study facts to learn how to improve
Intra-personal confusion
ProcessFacts
Feelings
Imagination Critical
Positive
Example
dissatisfied customer
Sales person that is process minded
lack of understanding
Resonate – to establish communication
ProcessFacts
Feelings
Imagination Critical
Positive
Une on same wavelength, I
can change the hat
As long as we are not on the same
wavelength won’t change my point
of view
I listen to the mindset of the other so he feels really
understood
Example
Unhappy customer
Sales person who recognizes his frustration
Let’s get to the factsLet’s get to the process
If I were you I would have the same reaction
Let's see what exactly
happened
How to make it not happen
again
Confused ineffective group Everyone thinks he hold the truth
Process Feelings
Imagination
Critical
Positive
controversiesendless
discussions
Parallel, cooperative thinking
• Focus everyone on a hat• Change hat together
Benefits
Accelerates meetingsPrevents egoOne thing at a time avoids confusion
More diverse thinkingBetter focusAvoid individual trends
4 Methods useful for Marketing & SalesInnovation games
BrainstormingLateral thinking, 6 hats
Mindmaps
Represent information (ideas or facts) in the form of a diagram
called "mental map"
Usage: synthesis of information / collaborative
brainstorming ...
Fun activities rather than games rather, they aim to collect,
organize and prioritize ideas
Usage : product roadmap, identifying growth drivers ...
Approach to overcome the limitations of the "linear, logic
thinking" while remaining rational
Usage : problem solving, product ideas ...
Collection of ideas to produce a maximum of ideas which are then
analyzed and sorted
Usage : product ideas, solutions to a problem, names, slogans ...
Tony Buzan Luke Hohmann
Edward de Bono
Alex Osborne (BBDO)
Innovation Games
Fun activities for product strategy & marketing:
With clients / internalOne or more games at a timeMany companies use them
Characterized by:Relaxation, CollaborationEncourages teamworkIncrease information sharingFun
Verbal and visual communication
What for ?
Remember the future
Spider web
Start your day
Vision of the future PrioritisationBrainstorming on features
Knowledge of customer
Me and my shadow
The apprentice
Identify problems
Speedboat
Product Box
Product Tree
Give them a hot tube
Buy a feature
20/20 Vision
gameactivity