Doc 13 An 1

POC SB PEG 2006.2 Doc 13 Annex 1

S23f-1 draft A

UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION

Physical encoding standards

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Radio Data Capture (RDC) Systems – Air interfaces: Communications and interfaces - Part F: Parameter Values for 433 MHz RFID Systems

UPU status: none; draft of a proposal for a new standard at status 0

Date of adoption at this status: n.a.

Date of approval of this version: n.a.

Users are reminded that there is only one current version of any document so it is important that users verify that they have the most recent one. UPU Standards are updated in their entirety. To ensure that you have the most recent update, please refer to our Catalogue of UPU Standards on our website at www.upu.int

© UPU 2006 – All rights reserved

S23f-1 draft A

Disclaimer

This document contains the latest information available at the time of publication. The Universal Postal Union offers no warrants, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, sufficiency, merchantability or fitness for any purpose of the information contained herein. Any use made thereof is entirely at the risk and for the account of the user.

Disclaimer

This document contains the latest information available at the time of publication. The Universal Postal Union offers no warrants, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, sufficiency, merchantability or fitness for any purpose of the information contained herein. Any use made thereof is entirely at the risk and for the account of the user.

Copyright notice

UPU, 2006. All rights reserved.This document is copyright-protected by the UPU. While its reproduction for use by participants in the UPU standards development process is permitted without prior permission from the UPU, neither this document nor any extract from it may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form for any other purpose without prior written permission from the UPU.

Requests for permission to reproduce this document for other purposes should be addressed to:

Universal Postal Union – International BureauStandards Programme3000 Berne 15SWITZERLANDTel: + 41 31 350 3111Fax: + 41 31 350 3110E-mail: [email protected]

Reproduction for sales purposes might be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.

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S23f-1 draft A

Contents

Foreword........................................................................................................................................................... iv

Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ v

1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Minimum Features.............................................................................................................................. 11.2 Intellectual Property............................................................................................................................ 11.3 Claiming Compliance.......................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references.......................................................................................................................... 2

3 Terms and definitions.......................................................................................................................... 3

4 Symbols and abbreviations.................................................................................................................3

5 Requirements: Physical Layer, Collision Management System and Protocol Values for 433 MHz Systems.............................................................................................................................................. 3

5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 35.2 Type Approvals................................................................................................................................... 35.3 Physical Layer, Collision Management System and Protocol Values of this Standard.......................3

6 Declaration of all Patents and Intellectual Property Rights...............................................................13

7 Marking of Equipment (Normative)...................................................................................................13

8 Table of Characteristics of devices specified in this Standard..........................................................14

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................... 15

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S23f-1 draft A

Foreword......

Postal services form part of the daily life of people all over the world. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the specialised institution of the United Nations that regulates the universal postal service. The postal services of its 190 member countries form the largest physical distribution network in the world. Some 5 million postal employees working in over 660 000 post offices all over the world handle an annual total of 424 billion letter-post items in the domestic service and 6 billion in the international service. Some 4,4 billion parcels are sent by post annually. Keeping pace with the changing communications market, postal administrations are increasingly using new communication and information technologies to move beyond what is traditionally regarded as their core postal business. They are meeting higher customer expectations with an expanded range of products and value-added services.

Standards are important prerequisites for effective postal operations and for interconnecting the global network. The UPU's Standards Board develops and maintains a growing number of standards to improve the exchange of postal-related information between postal operators and promotes the compatibility of UPU and international postal initiatives. It works closely with postal handling organisations, customers, suppliers and other partners, including various international organisations. The Standards Board ensures that coherent standards are developed in areas such as electronic data interchange (EDI), mail encoding, postal forms and meters.

UPU standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in Part V of the "General information on UPU standards" and are published by the UPU International Bureau in accordance with Part VII of that publication.

This document is the first version of the standard. There are no change marks.

Whilst the standard remains at UPU standards status 0, its use as a basis for any implementation is at the risk of the user. Any party intending such use is strongly advised to seek close contact with the appropriate working group, so that it can be kept informed of ongoing work.

IV © UPU 2006 – All rights reserved

S23f-1 draft A

Introduction

This is part of a series of standards defining identification/codification standards for the UPU, for use in RFID and RDC systems:

UPU standard S20 determines the overall architecture for RFID systems and specifies interfaces that may exist at well defined reference points, referred to as ALPHA, BETA and DELTA. Reference points Alpha and Zeta are outside the scope of this standard;

UPU standard S21 defines the syntax notation for data;

UPU standard S22 defines requirements and test procedures for RFID systems;

UPU standard S23, of which this document forms Part B, defines air interface parameters;

UPU standard S25 defines data constructs for the communication, including via RFID systems, of information on postal items, batches and receptacles.

Part A of this standard (parameters), identifies which parameters it is necessary to determine to establish interoperability, and provides common methods of determination and description.

This part, Part F, determines parameter values for 433 MHz RFID Systems. The standard is to be read in conjunction with UPU Standard S23a.

Other parts of the standard provide value definitions for other approved world-wide frequencies, and may also, where appropriate, provide regional definitions with geographical constraints.

© UPU 2006 – All rights reserved V

S23f-1 draft A

Physical encoding standards – Radio Frequency Identification

(RFID) and Radio Data Capture (RDC) Systems – Air interfaces:

Communications and interfaces - Part F: Parameter Values for 433

MHz RFID Systems

1 Scope

The scope of this Standard is to provide Physical Layer, Collision management System and Protocol Values for RFID Systems for Automatic Quality Measurement systems operating at 433 MHz in accordance with the requirements of ISO 18000-1

This Standard provides Parameter Values in the Requirements Clause below.

The RFID system shall include a host system and RFID equipment (interrogator and tags). The host system runs an application program, which controls interfaces with the RFID. The RFID equipment shall be composed of two principal components: tags and interrogators. The tag is intended for insertion into the mail stream – or attached to a postal asset for track and trace purposes.

The tag is capable of storing a tag ID number and relaying a location identification but no additional data, and is designed to operate in areas where regulations do not allow data transfer as well as in areas that do.

The interrogator is a device, which communicates to tags in its field of view.. The interrogator controls the protocol, reads information from the tag and ensures message delivery and validity. The tag uses an on board power to provide energy for the return signal

1.1 Minimum Features

RFID systems defined by this standard provide the following minimum features:

Unique Identification of tag in range

Graceful handling of multiple tags in the field of view

Error detection

Location identification

1.2 Intellectual Property

This Technology requires a licence from the owner of the Intellectual Property, which shall be available on terms in accordance with UPU Policy.

1.3 Claiming Compliance

In order to claim conformance with this Standard it is necessary to comply to all of the clauses of this Standard except those marked ‘optional’ and it is also necessary to operate within the local National Radio regulations (which may require further restrictions) and to hold a valid licence from the owner of the intellectual property which is used.

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S23f-1 draft A

Clauses 5.3 includes the definition of the structure of command codes between an Interrogator and a Tag and indicate how many positions are available for future extensions.

Command specification clauses provide a full definition of the command and its presentation.

Each Command is labelled as being ‘mandatory’ or ‘optional’.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, or references to a version number, only the edition cited applies. For undated references and where there is no reference to a version number, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

UPU Standards glossary

S20 – RFID – Reference architecture and terminology

S22 – RFID – System requirements & test procedures

S23a – RFID and RDC – Air interfaces: Communications and interfaces: Definition of parameters to be standardized

S21 – Data presentation in ASN.1

S25 – Data constructs for the communication of information on postal items, batches and receptacles.

ISO 3309, Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – High level data link control (HDLC) procedures – Frame structure

ISO 8802–2:1989, Information technology – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems, local and metropolitan area networks – Specific requirements – Part 2: Logical link control

ISO/IEC 8824–1: 1995, Information technology – Abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation

ISO/IEC 8824–1: 1995 Amd 1996, Information technology – Abstract Syntax notation one (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation. Amendment 1 Rules of extensibility

ISO/IEC 8824–2: 1995, Information technology – Abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1): Information object specification

ISO/IEC 8824–2: 1995 Amd 1996, Information technology – Abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1): Information object specification. Amendment 1 Rules of extensibility

ISO/IEC 8824–3: 1995, Information technology – Abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1): Constraint specification

ISO/IEC 8824–4: 1995, Information technology – Abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1): Parameterisation of ASN.1 specifications

ISO/IEC 8825–1: 1995, Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of basic encoding rules (BER), canonical encoding rules (CER) and distinguished encoding rules (DER)

ISO/IEC 8825–2: 1996, Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of packed encoding rules (PER)


S23f-1 draft A

ISO/IEC 18000-1 - Information Technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — RFID for Item Management - Air Interface, Part 1 – Generic Parameters for Air Interface Communication for Globally Accepted Frequencies

ISO (TR) 18047 Information Technology-AIDC Techniques-RFID device conformance test methods

ISO/IEC 19762, Part 3, Information Technology-AIDC Techniques-Vocabulary, Radio Frequency Identification

3 Terms and definitions

The terms used in this document are defined in the UPU Standards glossary and in other documents referred to in Normative References and in the Bibliography.

4 Symbols and abbreviations

The symbols and abbreviations used in this standard are defined in the UPU Standards glossary and in ISO/IEC 19762, Part 3, Information Technology-AIDC Techniques-Vocabulary, Radio Frequency Identification.

5 Requirements: Physical Layer, Collision Management System and Protocol Values for 433 MHz Systems

5.1 Introduction

The context, form and general Requirements for this Standard are determined in ISO/IEC 18000-1. The form and presentation of this part, which provides Physical Layer, Collision management System and Protocol Value definitions for RFID Systems for Automatic Quality Measurement operating at 433 MHz is in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 18000-1.

5.2 Type Approvals

Local National Regulations may further limit either power, frequency or bandwidth allocations and such limitations may reduce the capability of a system within that country. Users shall have the responsibility to ensure that they use only systems that comply with these Regulations. This implies a user responsibility to obtain proofs from manufacturers, and where appropriate have adequate tests carried out to assure that systems are in compliance.

At the time of preparation of this Standard, the Interrogator to Tag Link and Tag to Interrogator Link Physical Layer emissions are subject to Type Approval or certification. It is therefore necessary to make reference to local or regional radio regulations and radio standards in addition to this Standard.

No Type Approval is required within European Community Countries, but manufacturers are required to declare conformity to the R&TTE EC Directive 99/05/EC and meet the “essential requirements” and be able to demonstrate compliance to harmonized ETSI Standards. In conjunction with CEPT TR 70 – 03 meet the national regulations or air interface requirements.

In USA type approvals are required to FCC 47 part 15; In Japan ARIB Std-T 60, Canada RSS210i3.

NOTE Additional regulations, standards will be added as available.


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5.3 Physical Layer, Collision Management System and Protocol Values of this Standard

5.3.1 Interrogator to Tag Link [ Continuous LF pattern*1]

Table 1 —Table of Interrogator to Tag Parameters

Ref. Parameter Value

Int:1 Operating Frequency range 125 kHz

Int:1a Default Operating Frequency 125 kHz

Int:1b Operating Channels

Int:1c Operating Frequency Accuracy

200 PPM

Int:1d Frequency Hop Rate NA

Int:1e Frequency Hop Sequence NA

Int:2 Occupied Channel Bandwidth

10 KHz

Int:2a Minimum Receiver Bandwidth

18 KHz

Int:3 Interrogator Transmit See EN

Int:4 Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emissions

See EN 300330 V1.2.2 or FCC Part 15.209

Int:4a Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emissions, In-Band

Int:4b Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emissions, Out of Band

The interrogator shall transmit in conformance with spurious emissions requirements defined in

i) FCC Part 15, sections 15.231 (a) and (b).

ii) ETSI 70-03

Int:5 Interrogator Transmitter Spectrum Mask

Not applicable

Int:6 Timing NA

Int:6a Transmit to Receive Turn Around Time

NA

Int:6b Receive to Transmit Turn Around Time

NA

Int:6c Interrogator Transmit Power On Ramp

NA

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S23f-1 draft A


Int:6d Interrogator Transmit Power Down Ramp

NA

Int:7 Modulation OOK

Int:7a Spreading Sequence Not applicable

Int:7b Chip Rate Not applicable

Int:7c Chip Rate Accuracy Not applicable

Int:7d Modulation Index Not applicable

Int:7e Duty Cycle Not applicable

Int:7f FM Modulation NA

Int:8 Data Coding

Int:9 Bit Rate 400 bps [ Wake up] 600 bps [program]

Int:9a Bit Rate Accuracy 200 PPM

Int:10 Interrogator Transmit Modulation Accuracy

Not applicable

Int:11 Preamble

Int:11a Preamble Length Bits

Int:11b Preamble Waveform

Int:11c Bit Sync Sequence

Int:11d Frame Sync Sequence

Int:12 Scrambling Not applicable

Int:13 Bit Transmission Order

Int:14 Wake-up Process Yes

Int:15 Polarization Application determined

*1 In environments where it is not desirable to use continuous transmission, physical devices such as infra red or optical devices are used to turn the apparatus on at the approach of a potential communication opportunity.

5.3.2 Tag to Interrogator Link

Table 2 —Table of Tag to Interrogator Parameters


Tag:1 Operating Frequency range 433.92 MHz


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5.3.3 Description of Operating Method

5.3.3.1 Data Link Layer

Data is transmitted in packet format. A packet is comprised of a preamble, sync field, start field and data. Data is sent successively in a NRZ format. Each data byte is sent least significant bit first. The format of a packet is presented in Figure 4.

Figure 1 — Data Packet

The composition of each field with in a packet is as follows:

Prmbl = Preamble –0.7 ms - continuous 1s

Sync = Sync field – string of 10 bits “10101010” transmitted left to right.

Start = Start field - string of 13 bits “0101010000111”, transmitted from left to right.

SC = System Code field; 2 bytes

UD = User Data field ; 1 to 32 bytes

RxID = Received ID field: 1 byte

Ctrl = Control field; 1 byte

CRC = 2 bytes CRC – transmitted CRC Lo and CRC Hi

Key = Key field for encryption; 1 byte

Flag =Flags field: 1 byte

5.3.3.2 Data Byte Definition

Each Data Byte is comprised of 8 bits framed with a “Start” and “Stop” bit.

Start bit = logic “0”

Stop bit = logic “1”

Data byte length: 260.4 µSec

Figure 2 —Data Byte Format


Prmbl Sync Start SC UD RxID Ctrl CRC Key Flag

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5.3.3.3 Preamble and Data Byte Structure Transmission Scheme

5.3.3.3.1 Preamble

Figure 3 —Preamble


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5.3.3.3.2 Data Structure

Figure 4 — Data Structure

5.3.4 Description of Protocol Operating Method

5.3.4.1 Protocol Parameters

Table 3 — Table of Protocol Parameters

Ref. Parameter Name Description

P:1 Who talks first Interrogator LF wakeup and pattern detection.

P:2 Tag addressing capability No

P:3 Tag UID Yes

P:3a UID Length 0 - 256 Bits

P:3b UID Format Binary, ASCII, ASN.1

P:4 Read size 00 – 256 Bits

P:5 Write Size 00 - 256 bits

P:6 Read Transaction Time 2.7 msec to 12 msec

P:7 Write Transaction Time (transient location identification) kbit/s

P:8 Error detection Yes [Selectable]

P:9 Error correction No

P:10 Memory size 32 Bytes

P:11Command structure and extensibility


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5.3.4.2 System Code

The system code is a two byte ID that is used to identify the user or industry. The System Code is assigned by the manufacturer or distributor at the time of purchase. The System Code is assign to a virgin transponder during the initial programming of the transponder. Once set it cannot be changed. Once Tags are programmed with a System Code they can only be altered with equipment with a matching System Code. Inclusion of the System Code in the Tag message packet is selectable, it can be enable or disabled [ Default = disabled].

5.3.4.3 User Data

The number of User Data bytes transmitted is selectable. The default for a new tag is 32 bytes. Selection of the number of bytes to be transmitted is set during programming of user data information. Field separation or assignment of data within the user data space is at the discretion of the user.

5.3.4.4 Excitation ID

The Excitation ID byte contains the address or ID, when recognised, of the Interrogator Antenna that turned on the tag. It is always transmitted. Up to 31 Interrogator addresses are possible.

The first five bits of the Data ID contain the received Reading Point address. ( 1 to 31). The 6 th, 7th and 8th bit are not used. A value of “00h” indicates that the address could not be decoded.

Figure 5 — Exciter ID – Byte Format

5.3.4.5 Control Field Byte

The Control Field Byte is always transmitted. It is currently not used and available for future enhancements. The current value of the Control Field Byte is ‘00h’.

5.3.4.6 CRC

The CRC are two bytes calculated over the SC, UD, Exciter ID, and Ctrl transmitted fields, using the CRC-CITT 16 bits polynomial: P(x)=x^16+x^12+x^5+x^0. This field is transmitted as CRCLo byte first followed by CRCHi byte.

5.3.4.7 Data Encryption Key

See Clause 6.2.6 below.

5.3.4.8 Flags


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The flag byte is transmitted LSB first and has the following bit allocations:

Figure 6 — Flag Byte Format

Figure 7 — Flag Function Description

5.3.4.9 Check Sum bit calculations

Flag byte - >

AND with

IF bTT = 1 then ADD

IF bEX1 = 1 then ADD

IF bEX2 =1 then ADD

IF bCT =1 then ADD

IF bBS = 1 then ADD

Exclusive OR with

= Result – Check sum bit set.

5.3.5 Collision Management

Table 4 — Table of Collision Management Parameters

Ref. Parameter Name Description


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A:1 Type Probabilistic

A:2 Linearity (for N tags)

A:3 Tag inventory capacity

5.3.5.1 Description of Collision Management Method

Collision Management is based solely on the randomisation of delays between transmissions of a message packet. No synchronisation by the interrogator is required. Recognition of a wakeup pattern is all that is required to cause a transmission sequence. The format and length of the transmission sequence is defined by the user through the setting of transmission parameters within the tag as indicated in table 10.

The parameters control:

the number of characters sent [CC],

the Initial Delay [ in units of message packet lengths] before a tag shall transmit its first message packet] [ID],

the Subsequent base Delay between message packets [SD]

the number of Initial message Packets to be sent [IP]

the number of repeated messages [RC] after the Initial [IP] number of message packets are sent if the tag still remains in the presents of the interrogator.

or limit the number of message packets sent while remaining in the presents of an interrogator [LT].

The inter-message delay is composed of the defined Subsequent Delay plus a randomised delay period of message packet lengths from 0 to 31. To optimise read capacity performance for a given set of tags of a given message length it is recommended that the setting of the Subsequent delay be a prime number and selected randomly for a given population of tags.

The number or capacity of tags read is dependent on the combination of how these parameters are set and the duration the tags are within the reception range of both the exciter and reader [ interrogation foot print].

The above is applicable for applications in which the duration within an excitation or interrogator foot print is limited and conditions are such that regulatory or environmental conditions prevent the establishment of performance margins that would ensure a solid communication link for synchronised communication.

Table 10.

Parameter Range Description

EC Y/N Standard error check transmitted

EN Y/N Data Encyption on

ID 0…200 Initial Delay

IP 1…200 Initial Number of messages transmitted after a valid wake up.

LT Y/N Limit Repeated Transmissions

RC 0…255 Number of extra message packets transmitted after IP during continuous excitation


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SD 1…220 Inter-message Subsequent delay

TF Y/N Transmit Flags

TS Y/N Transmit System Code

CC 0…32 Character count

RS 0…255 Random Seed

5.3.6 Commands

Commands are specific to programming user data and transmission parameters into the tag. Commands are not sent during the normal read operation of the tag.

5.3.7 Encryption

The Key is inserted into the message when the encryption function is enabled in the tag. All data transmitted is encrypted with the exception of the key. Each encrypted byte is created by XORing with the key. The key is different and randomised in each message packet sent.

See "Key" in 6.2.3.2.1 and Figure 4 above. KEY = Key field for encryption; 1 byte.

5.3.8 Air Interface Application Layer

The Application Layer shall be determined and controlled solely within the Interrogator and shall not be carried across the air interface.

NOTE Whilst devices compliant with this specification might be suitable for several types of application, the specification was developed for a postal sector application, and reference should be made to relevant UPU Application Standards.

6 Declaration of all Patents and Intellectual Property Rights

<<

7 Marking of Equipment (Normative)

a. All Interrogators/readers are to be clearly and permanently marked stating with which National Regulations they comply.

b. All Interrogators/readers are to be clearly permanently marked to show compliance with this standard.

8 Table of Characteristics of devices specified in this Standard

Table 11 — Table of Characteristics of devices specified in this Standard

Feature Characteristic

Target Markets Medium range Tagging system for manufacturing, logistics, and postal applications. Especially suitable for reading tags buried within loaded rollercages, ULD's etc.

Characteristics A highly controllable wake up zone activates a 433 MHz tag response which includes both its identity and the location of the wake up zone. It is therefore suitable in areas


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Feature Characteristic

where there are many readers within the potential range of the tag signal.

Functions Read only plus location identification

Data rate 38.4 kbps

Memory 256 bits

Collision management YES

Maximum number of tags in read zone

Time dependent

Encryption All data transmitted is encrypted with the exception of the key. Each encrypted byte is created by XORing with key

Global Operation YESNOTE Local Regulations may affect operational capabilities


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Bibliography

This bibliography provides full reference and sourcing information for all standards and other reference sources which are quoted in the above text. For references which mention specific version numbers or dates, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications might not be relevant. However, users of this document are encouraged to investigate the existence and applicability of more recent editions. For references without date or version number, the latest edition of the document referred to applies. It is stressed that only referenced documents are listed here.

UPU standards

NOTE The UPU standards listed below are available on subscription from the UPU International Bureau:

Weltpoststrasse 4, Case Postal, CH 3000 Berne 15, SWITZERLANDTel: +41.31.350.3111; Fax: +41.31.352.4323; URL: http://www.upu.int

[1] S18: ID-tagging of letter-mail items

[2] S25: Data constructs for the communication of information on postal items, batches and receptacles

[3] S49: Customer applied encoding of data on postal items

ISO standards

[4] ISO/IEC 18001 - Information Technology AIDC Techniques- RFID for Item Management - Application Requirements Profiles (ARP)

[5] ISO/IEC 18046 - Information Technology AIDC Techniques- RFID Tag and Interrogator Performance Test Methods

[6] ISO/IEC 18047 - Information Technology AIDC Techniques- RFID Device Conformance Test Methods

[7] ISO/CD 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol for electronic seal

Other specifications

[8] ERC/REC 70-03 - Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices (SRD), Annex 1, Band E; European Radiocommunications Commission, October 2000

[9] US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 47, Chapter I, Part 15, Section 15.231. “Periodic operation in the band 40.66–40.70 MHz and above 70 MHz”; U.S. Federal Communications Commission, 1 Oct. 1999

[10]RCR STD-33A - Radio Equipment for Low Power Data Communications System Radio Station ; Japan Research and Development Center for Radio Systems; 17 Mar 1993


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