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A Review of Nursery Scouring - Dr. Keith Kinsley, Swine Services Manager, Standard Nutritional Services, from the 2012 Boehringer Ingelheim Swine Health Seminar, August 9-11, 2012, Wrightsville Beach, NC, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-boehringer-ingelheim-carolina-swine-health-seminar
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Review of Nursery Enteric Disease
Keith P. Kinsley, DVMStandard Nutrition ServicesAugust 10th, 2012Summer Health SeminarWilmington, NC
Nursery Enteric Disease Overview
Nursery animals = Nursery AGED animal Weaning (2 – 4 weeks) – 10/11 weeks of age May be found in:▪ Conventional nursery▪ Wean-to-finish barn▪ Finishing barn; Short nursery stay (4 week turns)▪ Farrowing site holding room
Transitioning from liquid, milk-based diet, to dry corn-soy-like diet
Nursery Enteric Disease Overview
Many times not a dramatic disease presentation Scouring Wasting pigs Variable mortality Poor performance May be difficult to
measure real-time
Animal Ages Total Animals Submitted Enteric Involvement %
0-3 weeks 536 399 74.4%4-6 weeks 695 411 59.1%7-9 weeks 471 213 45.2%
10-15 weeks 487 239 49.1%
U of MN 2011 Swine Submissions
ISU 2011 Top 10 Swine Enterics 2011
Nursery Enteric Disease Overview
Complicated, multifactorial disease process in many instances Infectious Disease Nutritional Environmental Management induced Often difficult to point to precise, single cause
NEED most accurate diagnosis to determine what is significant and actionable May mean multiple time points May mean many animals tested – and not just daily
deads Avoid the “throwing the kitchen sink” approach
Nursery Enteric Disease Overview
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
1. Source of the animals Are there others receiving the same
pigs? What do they notice? Has there been a change at the sow
farm?▪ Practices – hygiene, handling, crate/litter
management▪ Vaccinations or treatment of sows (or lack
thereof)▪ Employee changes
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
2. Previous history of the group Sow farm broke with ____________ 10
days ago Heater out overnight on this group in
farrowing Farrowing site nursery management▪ Water▪ Feed ▪ Treatments
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
3. Group vaccination and treatments to this point Piglets did not get their normal
processing program, processed late in life, etc.
This group missed __________ vaccination
All piglets needed to be handled and retreated outside normal routines – because of ________
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
4. Site history – Where weaned pigs go Water quality Manager abilities Same as or greatly different from
historical groups on site
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
5. Barn design, pen layout, environment Finishers attached to nursery barn Large pens v. small pens – how easy to identify
and treat those needing help▪ More importantly the effort required to get it done▪ Speed at which it is moving through the barn – may help
to identify pathogen and urgency of treatment required Temperature swings in the barn, water availability,
adequate air quality and ventilation rates “The barn has pens and nursery feeders”
therefore it is a nursery – NO!
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
6. Age of the animals at onset of disease Duration in the barn before signs noticed Ration associated▪ “Pigs always struggle when switched from X
to Y ration”▪ From pellet to grind and mix▪ From no distillers to 400 pounds
▪ Mixing errors – F6 delivered to first nursery grind and mix
▪ Bin/Phase management – feed out whatever is in bin from last group
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
7. Identifiable Points of Risk Farrow-to-finish sites, wean-to-finish
sites, v. 3-site production Biosecurity between buildings, age
spread of animals on site Seasonality
Nursery Enteric Disease Where to Start
Seasonality – that which we cannot control Can we make
preparatory adjustments?▪ Extra shavings on trucks▪ Prewarmed nurseries –
not just warmer than outside
▪ Electrolytes or acidified water intervention
▪ Antibiotic intervention on arrival
Jan
Feb
Mar AprMay Ju
n JulAug Se
pOct
Nov Dec0
1020304050607080
Rotavirus 0 -3 week olds
Rotavirus 4-6 week olds
Jan
MarMay Ju
lSe
pNov
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clostridium per-fringensRotavirus
U of MN 2011 Submissions 0 – 3 week old animals
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Clinical signs plus timing may tell us the story we need to address and correct the issue Scouring Wasting pigs
When clinical signs are not obvious or timing is variable… How do we measure the effects? Mortality Feed and water intakes Site records
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Diagnostics What do they tell us? Are diagnostics telling the correct story?▪ Fallback pigs with E. coli and Salmonella –
What are we actually addressing?▪ Circovirus plus ________ scenario – Are we
vaccinating for the pig’s benefit or ours?▪ What about water or feed samples?
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Early Nursery (weaning – 2 weeks post-wean) Many of the same entities that the sow
farm experiences – Rotavirus, Clostridium type A, E. coli, Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
Does it arrive with the pigs? Is it on the site?Animal Age Clostridium Perfringens E. coli Rotavirus A Rotavirus B Rotavirus C TGE
0-3 weeks 241 91 68 40 146 2
4-6 weeks 6 32 261 177 169 26
7-9 weeks 1 6 147 98 103 19
10-15 weeks 2 6 132 112 73 28
- University of MN D-Lab 2011
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see Late Nursery (2 weeks post-wean – 10 weeks of
age) What is on the site – E. coli, Salmonella, Intestinal
parasites, Lawsonia, Brachyspira, TGE? What are the vaccination practices?▪ Circovirus vaccinations occur after pigs demonstrate they are
healthy – how long did we wait?▪ Partial dosing of vaccines – is there really a cost benefit and
does it hold in the face of exposure?ISU D-Lab 2011 – identified as causal
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Where are the animals found with enteric disease? Conventional nursery v Finishing Floor Open housing v Confinement
Pathogen Type of Organism Typical Age affected
Brachyspira bacteria Late nursery and older
Circovirus virus Mid nursery and older
Clostridium bacteria Suckling to Early nursery
Coccidiosis protazoa Early nursery
E. coli bacteria Mid nursery and younger
Lawsonia bacteria Late nursery and older
Rotavirus virus Mid nursery and younger
Roundworms parasite Late nursery and older
Salmonella bacteria Any age
TGE virus Any age
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Sorting out enteric disease without an obvious clinical presentation: Changes in feed and water intake▪ Changes to rations recently▪ Major ingredient change▪ Grind consistency change
Increased sudden deaths without respiratory involvement
Pale pigs Health status change – especially
immunosuppressive▪ New disease introduction▪ Where are diagnostics leading us
Nursery Enteric Disease What should we expect to see
Nutritional causes of enteric disease or under performance Non-starting pigs – Why? Site management – are we correctly
identifying and addressing animals needing help?
Nursery Enteric DiseaseDiagnosis
Personal favorite – NECROPSY Fixed and fresh tissues▪ Tie off fresh sections of small intestine▪ Keep fresh small and large intestinal sections
separate▪ Many cut sections of small and large intestine
for fixed▪ Send everything as most labs run on per
animal basis not per sample basis – lung, heart, kidney, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, tonsil – We never know what we may find
Get on ic
e quickly and
keep cool!!
!
Nursery Enteric DiseaseDiagnostics
Additional items for enteric work up▪ Fecal samples
▪ Fecals can be good for PCR – Lawsonia, TGE, Brachyspira or parasite fecal floatations
▪ Not as good for culture versus fresh intestinal samples
▪ Blood samples▪ Good for telling what has happened to the group▪ Better for some enteric pathogens than others
▪ Feed samples▪ May need these as back-up if nothing else pans out▪ Sometimes what makes it to the feeder is not how it was designed
▪ Water samples▪ Often overlooked and many times has not been done on site since
original well testing▪ There are some special supply needs and timing issues to go with
water sampling
Nursery Enteric DiseaseDiagnostics
What should we test for? General work-up of tissues▪ Most labs are pretty good at getting to the
bottom of the problem if given age and clinical signs▪ If taking blood samples for enteric work-up,
question is usually: “Is there something else going on here?” ▪ PRRS, Flu, Circovirus▪ Odd timing of enteric disease such as ileitis
▪ Fecals can typically be processed with the tissues without a lot of extra cost
Nursery Enteric DiseaseDiagnostics
Ancillary testing▪ Feed and water samples may need
to end up at a secondary laboratory depending on what we are looking for
▪ Feed can be stored for a considerable amount of time before being analyzed
▪ Depending on the desired tests for water, these may need more immediate attention
▪ Always good to have documentation when not directly an infectious disease issue
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
What are our choices? Can we treat cost effectively? Can we vaccinate to control? Is it more effective to eliminate?
We must know the root of the problem before we can do anything
How do we measure improvement or success from our intervention?
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
Treat – we can manage it! Make the decision to tolerate as long as
it can be reasonably managed Address with antibiotic program Change biosecurity practices
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
Vaccination No effective or applicable treatment available▪ Viral organism that does not respond to treatment▪ Niche marketing – ABF, Whole Foods
Cost effectiveness benefits of vaccination outweigh uncertainty of other options
Disease is slightly more painful than what can be managed through treatment alone
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
Eliminate – I cannot live with this! No cost effective treatment No really great vaccine or vaccination is
not cost effective Only way to fix is to break the cycle and
clean-up
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
Measuring improvement Improved performance through the nursery▪ Reduced mortality▪ Increased daily gain and improved feed efficiency▪ Reduced intervention costs
Continued monitoring Record analysis – nursery aged production Communication with sow farm▪ Testing ▪ Friendly warnings of group health challenges
Nursery Enteric Disease Selecting a course of action
Sow farm contributions Vaccination changes Adjustment of farrowing house practices▪ Not entering crates▪ No holding back litters▪ Better on site nursery management
Nursery Enteric DiseaseConclusions
Nursery enteric disease is often complicated by multiple factors simultaneously
A good herd/source history will help reach an actionable point of intervention
Diagnostics are key to effective nursery enteric intervention – tissues, fecals, blood as well as feed and water - $$$ better spent in knowing than guessing!
Economics of disease will drive the intervention method – treat, control, or eliminate
Follow-up communication and monitoring will determine the long-term success of plan put in place