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Emergent Collectives.Engineer or Bricoleur?
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Engineers or Bricoleurs?
CONTACT
dr.ir. Jan Devos, MBAELIT LabHowest
Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5BE-8500 KORTRIJK - BELGIUM
T: +32 56 24 12 72F: +32 56 24 12 24
e-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]
linkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/jangdevos Blog: jangdevos.wordpress.org
twiiter: @jangdevos
Emerge of the Engineering Model
Emerge of the Engineering Model
Emerge of the Engineering Model
Tot 19de eeuw waren er uitsluitend 'militaire' ingenieurs.De ingenieursuitvindingen zoals (heer)wegen, bruggen, forten, havens, kanonnen, enz. hadden een strategische bestemming.
Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci en de Vlaamse Simon Stevin waren beroemde 'militaire' ingenieurs.
James Watt (1736-1819): de eerste 'burgerlijk' ingenieur.
Zijn stoommachine luidde de eerste industriële revolutie in. Die ging gepaard met een groeiende behoefte aan hooggeschoolde technici.
(K.U.Leuven, http://eng.kuleuven.be/algemeen/geschiedenis)
Successes of the Engineering Model
Good logistics alone can't win a war. Bad logistics alone can lose it.
—General Brehon B. SomervellCommanding GeneralArmy Services Forces, 1942
Successes of the Engineering Model
Successes of the Engineering Model
Ideal type of an Engineer…
BusinessesGovernments… andEducation
Ever seen a pure geometric figure in nature?
The illusion of modeling …
… is that we tend to forget that the real world has vague and murky contours… (Ciborra, 2002)
E. Husserl (Phenomenology) and Galileo Galilei
• Galileo introduces geometry as a sort of generalization • The gap between scientific objectivity and the everyday life
world (everyday reality is real, outcomes of abstractions and models are ideal)
• Lack of ‘spiritual’ dimension in technological advancement• Problems are solved by reduction
• (practical) Relevance versus (academic) Rigor ?
The illusion of modeling …
Separation of Creation and Use
• The MacDonaldization• Of Society
…is the process by which the principles of the fast-
food restaurant are coming to dominate more and
more sectors of American society as well as of the
rest of the world. (Ritzer, 1993:1)
Amoral theories ?
MacDonaldization of society
© Jan Devos - 14
•Efficiency
•Calculability
•Predictability
•Increased Control
•Replacement of Human by Non-human Technology
MacDonaldization of society
© Jan Devos - 15
Natural Sciences (positivistic perspective)
Control Theory (Coase, 1937, Eisenhardt, 1989)
Alignment of interests
Agency Theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976)
Contracts (Incomplete Contract Theory)Moral Hazard / Adverse Selection
Mistrust in human behavior (Ghoshal, 2005)
Amoral theories ?
Foundations for the Engineer
Ideal type of an Engineer…
EngineerA priori hierarchical order: top down approach
Reduction/decomposition (analysis – synthesis – model)
Openness, transcending boundaries
Linear time – Cartesians
Distant knowledge, representation
Knowledge about structural characteristic entities
Specialization
Search for the adequate, project-oriented means
Projects and designs
Respect of prior specifications: exact design requirements
Evaluation through expected level of performance and quality
Separation of creation and use
Outcomes respond to field norms
Collapse of an Engineering Model
Collapse of an Engineering Model
Research on IS failures
Resistance against change
1983Power, Politics and MIS implementation (Markus)
20 years later:- 2003, "Computers can land people on Mars, why can't
they get them to work in a hospital?" - Implementation of an Electronic Patient Record System in a UK Hospital (Jones)
- 2004, Informating the Clan: Controlling Physicians' Costs and Outcomes (Kohli & Kettinger)
Organizational Change
Nov. 2010
Organizational Change
Alternative approaches to PM
• PM does not guaranteed success nor eliminates failures
• PM too much focused on ‘how-to-do’
• Management of meaning iso management of control ?
• Critical perspective on projects: focus on values (technology is not neutral), ethics and morality equally important than efficiency & effectiveness ?
• Trust vs Control ? (Devos, 2009)
• “Political” PLC
2003, The chimpanzees’ tea party: a new metaphor for project manager (Drummond & Hodgson) 2006, New Possibilities for Project Management Theory: A Critical Engagement (Cicmil &
Hodgson)
PLC and the ‘Political’ PLC
Inception
Conception
Requi
rem
ents
Design & Dev.
Implem
entatio
n
Term
inat
ion
PLC Wild enthusiasm
Disillusionmen
t
Tota
l con
fusion
Search for the guilty
Punishment of
the innocent
Prom
otio
n of
non
-
particip
ants
“P”PLC
“(Computer-based) Information Systems defeat their own purpose because they create complexity.”
(Weick 1985)
Organizational Change
Emergent Collectives
Emergent Collectives
Ant Colony
Scalability
Value for everyone
The Ant Colony
The Ant Colony
Limited Durability
No central control
The Ant Colony
The Ant Colony
High Degree of Informality
The user defines the contentanywhere&any time
The Ant Colony
Control is in the protocol of the collective
The Ant Colony
© Jan Devos - 33
• Wikipedia• Sharing of pictures van foto’s (Flickr),
music (iTunes)film (YouTube)
• Anytime – Anywhere WIFI• Open Source Software communities• Edushock• TED• ……………………………
Behavior and outcome of an EC is hard to predict
Examples
© Jan Devos - 34
Charlie bit my finger – again!
An EC is hard to predict…
© Jan Devos - 35
Charlie movie
Digitalization of society
Broadband access
Why do EC’s occur ?
2011 The Arab Spring and Twitter
Most compelling example of EC
Arpanet (70s)A story of ‘bricolage’, improvisation, and
serendipity
Build to allow scientists to share computer resources at
a distance
Not about e-mail, personal communications, …
Not really a very large success….
Most compelling example of EC
Arpanet becomes the Internet (90s) and now….
• 2 billion Internet users in the world
• 2 billion more waiting to get online
• Policy makers: UN-UGF, ICANN, ISOC, supra-national governments
• Movement from IPv4 to IPv6
350 trillion trillion DNS numbers available
•Social Motivation: People want to contribute to something bigger than themselves
•Personal Motivation: e.g. ‘self-advertising’, blogging
•The Homo Ludens•Globalizing World • Increasing Uncertainty•Growing Abundance• Increasing Complexity
The ‘social fabric’ is no more virtual
Why do EC’s occur ?
© Jan Devos - 40
The Flatteners …•Collapse of the Berlin Wall• Internet (Netscape)•Workflow Software ▫Uploading, Sharing, Down
loading •Outsourcing•Off-shoring• ‘Steriods’ iPhone, PDA,
iPad, … (BYOD) •…
Why do EC’s occur ?
© Jan Devos - 41
2005
Again Central Control ?
The Walled Gardens
•Computer models of the human mind
•Explaining attention and the lack of it
•Subjective Time
•Simulations (role-based): e.g. Second Life
•Focus on learning and improvising
•Design Science Research?
Predicting EC’s
© Jan Devos - 44
The age-related decline in human information-processing rate is party responsible for the “quick passage of time’’
Life’s duration (and longevity) can be measured by: Chronological age Total amount of Information one has processed
Human longevity can be increased by increasing chronological age and by increasing the information-processing rate
© Jan Devos - 45
Subjective Time (Gruber et al. 2000)
HRO concept
Organizing for High Reliability: Processes of Collective Mindfulness (Weick, 1999)
• Preoccupation with failure (“Failure is not an option”)
• Reluctance to simplify interpretation (beware of ‘frameworks’, ‘models’, ‘mindsets’, …)
• Sensitivity to operations (“situational awareness”)
• Commitment to resilience (“continuous management of fluctuations”)
© Jan Devos - 1
Push vs Pull model van Hagel & Seely Brown
How can we bring the resources together to do something?
Engineering model: analyse → synthese → model
Education is organized in an Engineering Model
Standard curriculaCodified Information
Pre-determined (linear) sequence of experience
Facilitating ECs
© Jan Devos - 47
Pull model van Hagel & Seely Brown
- Opportuniteiten zien als gevolg van onzekerheid- Mensen samenbrengen om een antwoord te geven op
gebeurtenissen die niet beantwoord worden- Steunen op een steeds groter wordende groep van hoog
gespecialiseerde, maar verspreide middelen- Geen dictaat van te nemen acties - Netwerking aanmoedigen als een manier om middelen samen
te brengen - Helpen te leren en te innoveren bij de participanten om de
bekwaamheden te verhogen, om volgens hun behoeftes
Vinden → Verbinden → Innoveren → Reflecteren
Facilitating ECs
© Jan Devos - 48
Engineering Model is dominating in almost everythingbusiness, governments, education, but…
Most interesting innovations come from outside thetraditional educational institutes
Examples- Demand for certification can not be fulfilled by traditional
educational institutes- University of Phoenix - Cisco’s e-learning platform - Learning through apprenticeship (Open Source Software)
Facilitating ECs
© Jan Devos - 49
Facilitating ECs
© Jan Devos - 50
Push PullAnticiperen op de vraag De vraag is onzeker
Top down ontwerp Emergent ontwerp
Centrale controle Decentraal initiatief
Procedureel Modulair
Sterke koppelingen Losse koppelingen
Participatie gelimiteerd Participatie open
Beperkt aantal participanten Veel (diverse) participanten
Focus op efficiëntie Focus op innovatie
Beperkt aantal grote inspanningen
Snelle stapgewijze innovaties
Externe beloningen domineren Intrinsieke beloningen domineren
Facilitating ECs
© Jan Devos - 51
Creativiteitslagen (nieuwe middelen scheppen)
Netwerken van creativiteit
Procesnetwerken (Nike, Cisco)
Aggregatienetwerken (Ebay, Netflix, Amazon, …)
Faciliteitslagen (bestaande middelen meer beschikbaar maken)
Technologie (Wiki’s, web services)
Sociale netwerken (Facebook, Twitter, …)
Infrastructuurlagen (verbindingen leggen)
Service netwerken (email)
Logistiek en communicatienetwerken (bv. internet)
Tech
nis
ch f
ocu
s
Cre
ati
eve f
ocu
s
Concept of ‘Bricolage’ (Lévi-Strauss)
Bricolage
© Jan Devos - 52
Trinidad Steel drums (pans)
•Bricolage - French anthropologist Lévi-Strauss,
• ‘La pensée sauvage’ (1962) (Vrij vertaalt: het wilde denken)
•“doe iets met wat je liggen hebt”
•Bricolage is related to (Duymedjian & Rüling, 2010)• organizational resilience • improvisation• sense making (management of sense making) • enterpreneurship • use of technical artefacts
Bricolage
© Jan Devos - 53
From the seminal work of Lévi-Strauss, three constructscan be inferred to characterize bricolage:
1) 1) repertoire or the material and immaterial resources that are collected independently of any particular project or utilization,
2) 2) dialogue or the activity of assembling objects and
3) 3) outcome, which’s refers both to the process and its results (Duymedjian and Ruling 2010).
Bricolage
© Jan Devos - 54
Bricoleur vs EngineerBricoleur Engineer
Everything matters A priori hierarchical order
Complex, interconnected system Reduction/decomposition
Closed universe Openness, transcending boundaries
Cyclical time Linear time
Intimate knowledge, familiarity Distant knowledge, representation
Knowledge about relationships implying a low functional fixedness bias
Knowledge about structural characteristic entities
Versatility implying resilience Specialization
Collection through unplanned encounters Search for the adequate, project-oriented means
Unclear outcomes Projects and designs
Dialogue with elements in stock (resources) Respect of prior specifications
Assemblage, substitution, …’it’s working’ Evaluation through expected level of performance and quality
Creation and use cannot be dissociated Separation of creation and use
Outcomes look unlike anything else Outcomes respond to field norms
• Is Bricolage a theory?
•Seven oxymoron’s as propositions (Ciborra, 2002)
•Value bricolage strategically (VBS)•Design tinkering (DT)•Establish systematic serendipity (ESS)•Thrive on gradual breakthroughs (TGB)•Unskilled Learning (UL) •Strive for failure (SFF)•Achieve collaborative inimitability (ACI)
(Devos et al. 2012)
Bricolage
© Jan Devos - 56
Oxy-1 Value bricolage strategically
© Jan Devos - 57
Oxy-2 Design tinkering
© Jan Devos - 58
Oxy-3 Establish systematic serendipity
© Jan Devos - 59
Oxy-4 Thrive on gradual breakthroughs
© Jan Devos - 60
Oxy-5 Unskilled Learning
© Jan Devos - 61
Oxy-6 Strive for failure
© Jan Devos - 62
Oxy-7 Achieve collaborative inimitability
© Jan Devos - 63
Best tweets of 2012
Example
•Create a Twitteraccount ▫voorbeeld: @jangdevos
•Announce it to all your fellow students of the group
•Follow each other
•Send at least 20 tweets during the semester about course topics.
Assignment
© Jan Devos - 65
Best tweets of 2012
?
•blogs.hbr.org/bigshift/•www.johnhagel.com/index.shtml (From Push
to Pull- Emerging Models For Mobilizing Resources)
•www-cdr.stanford.edu/~petrie/ •www.emergent-collectives.be•www.cosmicplay.net (K. Pohn)
•… and the full Web-of-Science !
References
