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ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY, Group Report for ES4-ENGINEERING MATERIALS, College of Engineering - Tarlac State University
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TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITYCollege of Enginering
[ES4] ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CHAPTER 1:ENGINEERING MATERIALS
TECHNOLOGYReported By:
DIMARUCOT, Omar Navarro (BSEE)
1
ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
2
T O P I C S
1.1 Engineering Materials Technology
1.2 The Materials Cycle
1.3 Materials Selection
1.4 Technological Literacy
PAUSE & PONDER
We live in a Materials world!
Many of the advances in society, with the aid of technology resulted from discoveries and developments in engineering materials.
We exist in a world made of an infinite variety of materials.
We are in a Materials Age!
Recent decades have seen an explosion of interest in and knowledge about making our lives better by improving materials and materials processing for finer engineered products.
PAUSE & PONDERThe development of materials over time. The materials of pre-history, on the left, all occur naturally; the challenge for the engineers of that era was one of shaping them. The development of thermochemistry and (later) of polymer chemistry enabled man-made materials, shown in the colored zones. Three - stone, bronze and iron - were of such importance that the era of their dominance is named after them.
PAUSE & PONDER
5
Why Study ENGINEERING MATERIALS?
Through this study, we will enhance and broaden our knowledge about and the competencies in structure, processing, properties of engineering materials.
In materials technology, there is only one constant:
CONSTANT CHANGE
PAUSE & PONDER
6
Why Study ENGINEERING MATERIALS?
1. Develop an awareness of the importance of engineering materials in everyday life;
2. Recognize society’s dependence on materials;
3. Appreciate the value of a knowledge of engineering materials technology for you as a consumer, citizen, and a member of the technological workforce.
1.1ENGINEERING
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
7
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Definition of Terms
Materials Materials are the matter of the universe. These
substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.
Engineering Materials Engineering Materials is the term often used loosely to
define most materials that go into products and systems.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Definition of Terms
Materials Engineering Materials Engineering deals with synthesis, and use of
knowledge [structure, properties, processing, and behavior] in order develop, prepare, modify, and apply materials to specific needs.
**Materials Science & Engineering (MSE) MSE involves the generation and application of
knowledge relating the composition, structure, processing, of materials to their properties and uses.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
10
Definition of Terms
**Materials Science & Engineering (MSE)
The “science” focuses on discovering the nature of materials, which in turn leads to theories or descriptions that explain how structures relates to composition, properties and behavior
The “engineering” deals with use of the science in order to develop, prepare, modify, and apply materials to meet specific needs.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Definition of Terms
**Materials Science & Engineering (MSE) Material Science & Engineering is interdisciplinary or
multidisciplinary, embracing areas such as metallurgy, ceramics, solid-state physics, and polymer chemistry.
Engineering Materials Technology Engineering Materials & Technology covers fields of
applied science related to materials processing, and the many engineering specialties dealing with materials such as research & development, design, manufacturing, construction, and maintenance.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
12
MATERIALS
PROPERTIES
Properties describes behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition
Review; MATERIALS Materials are the matter of the universe. These
substances have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices, products, and systems.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
CLASSES OF PROPERTIES
Economic
General Physical
Thermal
Electrical & Magnetic
Environmental InteractionProduction
Aesthetic
Mechanical
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
CLASSES OF PROPERTIES
Price and availabilityRecyclability
Density / Relative heaviness
ModulusYield and tensile strengthHardnessFracture toughnessFatigue strengthCreep strengthDamping
Economic
General Physical
Mechanical
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
Thermal conductivitySpecific heatThermal expansion coefficient
ResistivityDielectric constantMagnetic permeability
OxidationCorrosionWear
Thermal
Electrical & Magnetic
Environmental Interaction
CLASSES OF PROPERTIES
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
Ease of manufactureJoiningFinishing
ColourTextureFeel
Production
Aesthetic
CLASSES OF PROPERTIES
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Properties
Bulk Mechanical Properties
Price and Availability
Bulk Non-mechanical Properties
Surface Properties
Production Properties
– Ease of manufacturing, fabrication, joining, finishing
Aesthetic Properties
– Appearance, Texture, Feel
DESIGN
INTRINSIC ATTRIBUTE
How the properties of engineering materials affect the way in which products are designed
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
METALS and Alloys
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
POLYMERS
CERAMICS and GlassesCOMPOSITES
Natural Materials**
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
METALS
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
• Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of non-localized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
Alloys
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Metals in combination with other metals or non metal elements.
Examples: Steel (Iron & Carbon), Brass (Copper & Zinc)
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
METALS and Alloys
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Iron and steels
Aluminium and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Nickel and its alloys
Titanium and its alloys
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
METALS and Alloys
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
POLYMERS
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
POLYMERS
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Polyethylene (PE)Polymethylmethacrylate \
(Acrylic and PMMA)Nylon, alias Polyamide (PA)Polystyrene (PS)Polyurethane (PU)Polyvinylchloride (WC)Polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET)Polyethylether Ketone (PEEK)Epoxies (EP)Elastomers, such as natural rubber (NR)
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
CERAMICS and Glasses
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass. These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
CERAMICS and Glasses
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Ceramics are crystalline, inorganic, non-metals.
Glasses are non-crystalline (or amorphous) solids.
Most engineering glasses are non-metals, but a range of metallic glasses with useful properties is now available.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
CERAMICS and Glasses
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Alumina (AI2O3, emery, sapphire)
Magnesia (MgO)
Silica (SO2) glasses and silicates
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
Cement and concrete
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
COMPOSITES
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
• A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material. A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials. Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer. Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials.
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
COMPOSITES
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Fibreglass (GFRP)
Carbon-fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP)
Filled polymers
Cermets
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Materials
Natural Materials**
FAMILY / CLASSES OF MATERIALS
Wood
Leather
Cotton / wool / silk
Bone
Natural Materials = Conventional Engineering Materials
1.1 ENGINEERING MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
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Family / Classes of Materials
Metals and alloys
PolymersCeramics
and glasses
Composites
Wire-reinforced
cement cermets
Steel-cord Tyres
Filled Polymers
GFRPCFRP
The classes of Engineering materials from which articles are made
1.2MATERIALS CYCLE
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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MATERIALS
CYCLE
Recycling/disposing of used
products and systems
Extracting Raw materials
Creating bulk materials,
components and devices
Manufacturing engineered materials
Fabricating products and
systems
Service of products and systems
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Periodic Table of Elements
EXTRACTING RAW MATERIALSThe earth has provided us with the basic ingredients for producing an unlimited variety of materials.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
EXTRACTING RAW MATERIALS
Synthesis
Synthesis involves transforming gases, liquids, and solid elements by chemical and physical means, where atoms and molecules are combined to form solid materials.
Materials Processing Materials Processing includes control of structure at
higher levels of aggregation and may sometimes have an engineering aspect.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
EXTRACTING RAW MATERIALS
Scitech
Introduced by Lyle Swarts (1996). It describes the complex inter-twinning of science with technological applications such as materials processing and manufacturing.
Shape-limited Sythesis
A new method developed to produce materials that blend synthesis with processing by beginning with one of the chemical agents already in the form of the final shape.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Bulk Materials
Bulk Materials are the products of synthesis, materials extraction, and processing. These are usually made in large quantities through continuous processing and then supplied to manufacturers of components and devices.
CREATING BULK MATERIALS, COMPONENTS AND DEVICES
Components Components include gears, electrical wires, screws, nuts, jet
engine turbine blades, brackets, levers, and the thousands of constituent parts that go into many parts and systems.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Devices Devices are usually more complex than components and are
designed to serve a specific purpose.
CREATING BULK MATERIALS, COMPONENTS AND DEVICES
Products Products are individual units.
Systems Systems are an aggregate of products, components, and
devices.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Designed Materials The new generation of Engineering Materials.
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERED MATERIALS
They have been engineered to provide designated properties. Instead of designers selecting from a list of available
materials, they may specify the desired properties for their needs, and then rely on materials engineers and technologist to create materials to suit the need.
Examples: Advanced Composites, Advanced Ceramics
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
MaterialsScience
Engineering Mechanics Durability
Engineering Design
Manufacturing
Life-cycle concernsFundamental Laws
InteractionsReliability
QualityCost
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERED MATERIALS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM)
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERED MATERIALS
IPM is an evolving technology that uses computer modeling of processes and sensors put in place to monitor and permit control of processing.
IPM yields better quality and more reliable products.
Smart Materials A term referring to a variety of liquids and solids that have the
ability at the predetermined condition to sense stresses and respond to alter their properties
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Biomimicking
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERED MATERIALS
To study nature and attempt to mimic its wonders which may lead to better techniques for fabricating integrated circuits for computers and microprocessors.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Manufacturing Engineering is the study of
techniques to turn bulk materials into finished products and systems.
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
Automation Automation is the common element today in manufacturing,
with less manual labor involved. Computers, sensors, robotics, machine vision, adaptive
control, and artificial intelligence are applied by manufacturing engineers to perform to perform the manufacturing processes once carried out by humans.
Improved quality, smaller lot sizes, more product options, and reduction in price have
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Automation
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
Benefits of AUTOMATION Improved quality
Smaller lot sizes
More product options
Reduction in price
Fabrication of products & services is done in a safer work environment
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
Just-In-Time (JIT) Manufacturing Technique that rely on computer assistance
keep raw materials and parts moving with a minimum warehousing.
People who wish to work in manufacturing are expected to be well educated because of their newer role as “problem solvers” rather than laborers.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) CIM is a technological team approach to manufacturing that
places the materials engineers and technologists together with the design engineers, technicians, and manufacturing engineers, plus the environmental engineers and even marketing personnel for a “systems approach” to products.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
The classes of process. The first row contains the primary shaping processes; below lie the secondary processes of machining and heat treatment, followed by the families of joining and finishing processes.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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PRIMARY SHAPING
Casting methods: Sand, Die, Investment
Molding methods:
Deformation methods:
Powder methods:
Injection, Compression, Blow molding
Rolling, Forging, Drawing
Sintering, HIPing, Slip casting
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
52
PRIMARY SHAPING
Composite forming: Hand lay-up, Filament winding, RTM
Special methods: Rapid prototype, Lay-up,Electro-form
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Primary Shaping
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Primary Shaping
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Primary Shaping
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Primary Shaping
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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SECONDARY PROCESS
Machining: Cut, turn, plane, drill, grind
Heat treat: Quench, temper, age-harden
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
59Secondary Process
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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JOINING
Fastening, Riveting
Welding, Heat bonding
Snap fits, Friction bond
Adhesives, Cements
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
61Joining
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
62Joining
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
63Joining
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64Joining
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SURFACE TREATMENT
Polishing, Texturing
Plating, Metallizing
Anodize, Chromizing
Painting, Printing
FABRICATING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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SurfaceTreatment
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SurfaceTreatment
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SurfaceTreatment
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SurfaceTreatment
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1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Rationale
Shifts in manufacturing have resulted in a larger service work force and a smaller manufacturing work force. The complexity of products makes it harder for the average person to make repairs on his or her own products. Special diagnostic equipment is used to analyze everything from automobiles to robots to appliances.
SERVICE OF PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
The demand for better quality in products and systems has resulted in improved, long term warranties. Manufacturers are very interested in analyzing materials that fail so that they can improve materials engineering and product design.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Definition of Terms
Design for Assembly Places emphasis on designed products that lend themselves
to easy assembly by robots and other automated equipment.
SERVICE OF PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
Design for Disassembly A concept that places recycling at the beginning or design
state of the materials to ensure that waste going into landfills are minimized.
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Rationale
The last stage of the materials cycle can become the first stage through the resurrection of material when recyling is employed. Most materials can be recycled. However, It is very difficult for manufacturers to develop a full materials cycle that will ensure recycling.
RECYCLING/DISPOSING OF USED PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Rationale
Laws have put mandates on recycling by restricting the amount of solid waste that can be placed on landfills. Clean air and water regulations have restricted the amount and type of waste that can be incinerated or dumped into the ocean. But much remains to be accomplished to develop the proper attitudes and habits among our citizens if we are to make the total materials cycle efficient and thus protect the environment and natural resources for future generations.
RECYCLING/DISPOSING OF USED PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS
1.2 THE MATERIALS CYCLE
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Limited Resources
CONSEQUENCES OF THE STAGES OF THE MATERIALS CYCLE
Energy Waste
Harmful by-products of material processing Material Disposal
COUNTERMEASURE:It is expected that every-one will apply knowledge of materials to ensure that our natural resurces are best utilized and that engineering materials technology safeguards the environment.
1.3MATERIALS SELECTION
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1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
We are surrounded by materials and we rarely think about how these materials are selected.
With the nearly limitless range of materials available to the designer or architect, how do they make materials selection for products and buildings? What selection criteria are most important?
With the nearly limitless range of materials available to the designer or architect, how do they make materials selection for products and buildings? What selection criteria are most important?
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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T O P I C S
THE IDEAL MATERIAL
SELECTION AND COMPROMISE
OBSTACLES TO CHANGE
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
THE IDEAL MATERIAL
1.) Endless & readily available source of supply
What is an IDEAL MATERIAL?
2.) Cheap to refine and produce
3.) Energy efficient
4.) Strong, stiff, and dimensionally stable at alltemperatures
5.) Lightweight
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
THE IDEAL MATERIAL
6.) Corrosion resistant
What is an IDEAL MATERIAL?
7.) No harmful effects on the environment or people
8.) Energy efficient
9.) Numerous secondary uses
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
Materials selection is not simply a matter of making decisions a matter of making decisions about cost and material properties.
“COMPROMISE is the RULE, not the EXEMPTION”
SELECTION AND COMPROMISE
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
This focuses attention on a leading problem of all new materials: It requires time before both designers and fabricators gain sufficient experience to become comfortable with them and the associated processes required to make products or systems.
OBSTACLES TO CHANGE
This problem is exacerbated when human life might be in jeopardy, such as when designing an aircraft. As a consequence, new materials and processes are usually slower to enter the marketplace than might be expected.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Rationale
Materials selection is a problem-solving issue that requires algorithm for its solution.
Algorithms are well-defined methods for solving specific problems. Computer programs are written after an algorithm has been developed to lay out clearly the steps that the program is to solve.
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
ALGORITHM
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Sub – Topics
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
I. Selection Tools
II. Properties of Materials
III.Material Systems
IV. Additional Selection Criteria
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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I. Selection Tools
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Databases / Periodicals / Manuals
Graphical techniques
Databases involves tables listing properties of materials, such as tensile strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and the ability to withstand heat.
Bar Charts Bubble Charts
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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I. Selection Tools
Graphical techniques
A bar chart of mudulus. It reveals the difference in stiffness between the families.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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I. Selection Tools
Graphical techniques A bubble chart of
modulus and density. Families occupy discrete areas of the chart
A graphical plot of two important properties shows a relationship of stiffness (Young’s Modulus) to weight (density)
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Graphical techniques
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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Graphical techniques
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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II. Properties of Materials
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION Publications present
values for the performance criteria (properties) for metals, polymers, and ceramics, with updates on newer materials.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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II. Properties of Materials
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION Periodicals can provide current data and performance criteria
that involve structural (load bearing) materials:
1) STRENGTH (tensile, compressive, flexural, shear, and torsional)
6) CORROSION RESISTANCE
2) RESITANCE TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES3) FATIGUE RESISTANCE (repeated loading and unloading)4) TOUGHNESS (resistance to impact)5) WEAR RESISTANCE (hardness)
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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II. Properties of Materials
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION The designer must use such data to determine if a material
has appropriate physical, mechanical, and chemical properties to withstand the service conditions to which a part will be subjected.
Selection of specific materials requires many more detailed specifications. General databases from handbooks will provide much detail, but the final selection often requires that material manufacturers supply their own properties database for their product lines.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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II. Properties of Materials
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Part of a record for a material, ABS. It contains numeric data, text and image-based information.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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III. Material Systems
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION Materials rarely exist in isolation, without interacting with
other materials. A combination of materials is selected to complement
one another.
Each component is compatible with the others while contributing its distinctive properties to the overall characteristics of the system of which it is a part.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Specifications / Standards
Availability
Processibility
Near-net-shape production
Quality and Performance
Consumer acceptance
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Design for disassembly
Design for Service
Cost
Product liability
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Specifications / “Standards” Specification / Standards have a lot of influence on the choice of
material and are used when re-designing an improved model of the product.
Current specifications are set by standardizing agencies: International Standards Organization (ISO) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) USFDA / BFAD (Philippines) OSHA
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
The ease with which raw materials can be transformed into finished product.
Focuses on low-energy processing
Processibility
Availability Material be easily available in the quantities, sizes, and shape
required by the production demand.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Involves incorporating numerous separate parts into a single, integrated assembly, thus saving over-all production costs.
Focuses on low-energy processing
Near-net-shape production
The near-net-shape concept is a growing trend because it is consistent with the new thinking about design/manufacturing; that is, the concept design, engineering analysis, materials selection, and processing orchestrated in a team approach.
1.3 MATERIALS SELECTION
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Near-net-shape production
CAD/CAM Technologies
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Two aspects that achieve consumer satisfaction
The high cost of most durable goods and the competition for customer acceptance has resulted in extended warranties.
Quality and Performance
Materials selection must ensure that parts will not rust, break under repeated stress, or fail to perform in any other way for the predicted service life of the product.
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Society as a whole as well as government agencies are requiring a closer look at manufactured products.
Consumer Acceptance
Any product has to be considered in terms of its total life cycle.
What are the results of the processing methods? Are pollutants being released in the environment? Does the product safeguard our health during use? How can it be disposed of safely?
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
Established procedures ensures that products can be broken into components for easy sorting prior to recycling.
Design for disassembly
Design for Service A new program that helps product designers consider repair
issues early in the design stage. Includes making repairs less costly and extending the
functioning life of the products.
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IV. Additional Selection Criteria
ALGORITHM FOR MATERIALS SELECTION
The primary selection criterion that will determine final choice of the material.
Cost
Product liability
“Lower cost materials would be the logical choice”
Civil liability of the manufacturer to an ultimate user for injury resulting from defective product.
“Material Selection might MAKE or BREAK a company”
1.4TECHNOLOGICAL
LITERACY
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1.4 TECHNOLOGICAL LITERACY
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INTRODUCTION & TOPICS
THE MATERIALS CONSUMER
THE INTELLIGENT CITIZEN
Technologically Literate… Understand the language and concepts of technology
Understand new technological advances
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Rationale
THE MATERIALS CONSUMER
To be an informed and intelligent consumer requires a basic understanding of materials.
The selection of a product can be improved by a greater understanding of the nature and the properties used in the product.
Learning about the structure of materials, hence how materials behave, should permit an intelligent analysis of a failure and possibly pinpoint its source and cause.
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Rationale
THE MATERIALS CONSUMER
A knowledgeable consumer stands a much better chance of success in demanding remedial action from both manufacturers and retailers of faulty products than does one with less knowledge of the behavior of materials and poor technical vocabulary with which to explain such behavior.
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Rationale
The technology of materials also provides us the necessary knowledge to make decisions based on personal values relating to political, social, and ecological issues.
THE INTELLIGENT CITIZEN
“A Better informed citizen is a better citizen”
APPLICATIONS & ALTERNATIVES
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Applications & alternatives
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MATERIAL SYSTEMS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Combines biology and medicine with many specialties in engineering and material science to foster technological developments to aid human beings and animals.
BIOENGINEERING
Produces artificial organs, limbs, and related anatomic structures.
Applications & alternatives
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MATERIAL SYSTEMS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOENGINEERING
END OF TOPIC
Thank you for Listening!
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