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Patricia AufderheidePatricia AufderheidePeter DeCherneyPeter DeCherneyPeter JasziPeter Jaszi
FAIRFAIR USEUSE IN IN PUBLISHINGPUBLISHINGTHETHE BESTBEST PRACTICESPRACTICES MODELMODEL
THETHE PURPOSEPURPOSE OFOF
COPYRIGHTCOPYRIGHT
ONE PURPOSE :ONE PURPOSE :
TOTO PROMOTEPROMOTE THE THE CREATION OF CULTURECREATION OF CULTURE
By:By:
• Rewarding creators with Rewarding creators with
limitedlimited monopolymonopoly
• Encouraging new makers to Encouraging new makers to use existing cultureuse existing culture
WHY BALANCE? WHY BALANCE?
• All All cultureculture created on existing created on existing culture (we used to know that)culture (we used to know that)
• The First Amendment (no The First Amendment (no censorship)censorship)
BIGGEST BALANCING BIGGEST BALANCING FEATURE:FEATURE:
FAIR USE FAIR USE legal, unauthorized use of legal, unauthorized use of
copyrighted material--under copyrighted material--under some circumstancessome circumstances
FAIR USE FAIR USE legal, unauthorized use of legal, unauthorized use of
copyrighted material--under copyrighted material--under some circumstancessome circumstances
HOW WE FORGOT HOW WE FORGOT
BALANCE:BALANCE:
• Copyright term extensionCopyright term extension
• Default copyrightDefault copyright
• Punishing penalties Punishing penalties (statutory damages) (statutory damages)
GOOD NEWS…GOOD NEWS…• Judges love Judges love
balancing featuresbalancing features
• Supreme Court Supreme Court upholds term upholds term extension because extension because fair use existsfair use exists
• Fair use judicial Fair use judicial interpretation has interpretation has greatly shifted in greatly shifted in last 15 yearslast 15 years
INTERPRETINGINTERPRETING
FAIR USE FAIR USE
THE “FOUR FACTORS”THE “FOUR FACTORS”
• Reason for the use Reason for the use
• Kind of work used Kind of work used
• Amount used Amount used
• Effect on the market Effect on the market
PLUS…PLUS…
Custom and practice of Custom and practice of individual creative individual creative communities…communities…
...especially when well-...especially when well-documenteddocumented
AND, IN THE AND, IN THE LAST 15 YEARS…LAST 15 YEARS…
• Transformation Transformation
• Amount related Amount related to transformative to transformative purposepurpose
Judges Judges focusfocus on on
JUDGES ASK:JUDGES ASK:
• Did you transform the Did you transform the use? use?
• Did you use the Did you use the appropriate amount to appropriate amount to satisfy the transformative satisfy the transformative use?use?
FEARFEAR…• Will I get it wrong?Will I get it wrong?
• Will I get sued? Will I get sued?
• Will my boss/general Will my boss/general counsel/client get counsel/client get angry? angry?
BEST PRACTICES BEST PRACTICES
COMMUNITIES INTERPRET FAIR USE:
• Documentary filmmakers
• Scholars
• Media literacy teachers
• Artists
• OpenCourseWare designers
DOCUMENTARY
RESULTS:RESULTS:• TV programmers air filmsTV programmers air films
• New kinds of filmsNew kinds of films
• All insurers of errors and All insurers of errors and omissions insurance now omissions insurance now accept fair use claimsaccept fair use claims
• Lawyers use the Statement to build Lawyers use the Statement to build their practicestheir practices
COMMON THEMESCOMMON THEMES::
• Tailored to the specific practice of Tailored to the specific practice of the community the community
• Transformative useTransformative use
• Appropriate amountAppropriate amount
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION SCHOLARSSCHOLARS
SITUATIONSSITUATIONS::
• Analysis, criticism, commentaryAnalysis, criticism, commentary
• IllustrationIllustration
• Use of copyrighted material in Use of copyrighted material in experimental researchexperimental research
• Keeping personal archivesKeeping personal archives
PUBLISHERSPUBLISHERSACCEPT CLAIMSACCEPT CLAIMS
• Delli Carpini/Williams book for Delli Carpini/Williams book for Princeton (Newsweek cover)Princeton (Newsweek cover)
• Aufderheide book for Oxford (stills Aufderheide book for Oxford (stills of documentary films)of documentary films)
• University of Chicago, variousUniversity of Chicago, various
MEDIA LITERACYMEDIA LITERACYTEACHERSTEACHERS
PUBLISHERSPUBLISHERSACCEPT CLAIMSACCEPT CLAIMS
• Nancy Frey and Doug Fisher use magazine ad images in Teaching Visual Literacy, Sage/Corwin
• Renee Hobbs fairly uses screen shot of nytimes.com in Digital and Media Literacy, Sage/Corwin
• Peter Gutierrez fairly uses movie stills from H’wood films in Popular Culture in Education, Sage/Corwin
• Frank Baker fairly uses pop culture in Media Literacy in the K-12 Classroom, ISTE
OPEN COURSEWAREOPEN COURSEWARE
RESULTSRESULTS
• University GCs University GCs supportivesupportive
• MIT: 31 new courses in MIT: 31 new courses in one yearone year
•Previously rejected Previously rejected for OCWfor OCW
POETSPOETS
OTHER CODES TO OTHER CODES TO GUIDE PUBLISHERSGUIDE PUBLISHERS
• Visual Resources Assn’s Visual Resources Assn’s “Statement of the Fair Use of “Statement of the Fair Use of Images…”Images…”
• Society for Cinema and Media Society for Cinema and Media Studies’ “Statement of Fair Use Studies’ “Statement of Fair Use Best Practices…for Media Studies Best Practices…for Media Studies Publishing”Publishing”
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
• CoversCovers
• Blogs v booksBlogs v books
• E-books and film clips E-books and film clips
• ““getting away with it” (hiding from getting away with it” (hiding from copyright holders)copyright holders)
• More?More?
FAIR USEFAIR USE::
Practice Practice Makes Makes PracticePractice
MORE MORE INFORMATIONINFORMATION
The codes and much The codes and much more (videos! more (videos!
Presentations! FAQs!)Presentations! FAQs!)
• Centerforsocialmedia.org/fair-use
CONTACT INFOCONTACT INFO
Pat Aufderheide Pat Aufderheide [email protected]@american.edu
Peter JasziPeter [email protected]@wcl.american.eduu
