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Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872
Digital Re-print - March | April 2011 Grain storage infestation management: UK Experiences
www.gfmt.co.uk
Cereal grains are by far the largest human (and animal) food crop grown and
shipped around the world.
Although we have slipped in world tables in recent years, mainly as a result of ever more efficient farming techniques, the United Kingdom had become the third or fourth largest producer and exporter of edible cereal grains throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
This has given us quite a lot of experience in tackling sudden and sometimes vast insect and mite (invertebrate) infestations in a whole spectrum of storage situations.
Prior to this quite dramatic expansion of our UK grain trade, we had developed effective disinfestations techniques, with ever
more reliance on fumigation and admixture pesticide uses.
With hindsight it was natural that, as the chemicals were used more commonly and effectively, so the intrinsic skills of the techni-cally clued up store keepers diminished.
And the result today? As we move further into the 21st
century we see a significant reduction in the choice of admixture insecticides, now almost exclusively pyrethroid-based, and we are down to almost a single fumigant from at least five gases 20 years ago. As with almost all pest control situations, continued use of a restricted few chemicals encour-ages resistance, and we already see this in many strains of grain and storage insects against phosphine.
So what are these pest species, and do we need to worry?
In the UK we commonly see four species of primary beetle (ie species which can cause major damage through heating and physi-cal chewing damage) and about the same number of storage mite species; the beetles in about 10 percent of farm–stored grain, and the mites in about 90 percent of such grain.
These pests can cause loss of ger-mination, heating, taint, stock-feed palat-ability problems, rejection by merchants, mills, exporters, (government/ supported, intervention, a loss of the premium for mill-ing wheat and malting barley, the costs of return haulage (UK£10 to UK£20/tonne, or even more), the cost of treatment (UK£2 - UK£25/tonne?), a loss of goodwill and contractual problems.
Grain storage infestation managementUK Experiences
Flour mites - Acarus sp Grain weevils in wheat; Saw-toothed grain beetle Saw-toothed grain beetle
Rust-red flour beetle Grain mites GlycyphagusGrain weevils chewing
through poly sack Plaster beetle
White-marked spider beetle Confused flour beetle Grain weevil - Sitophilus granarius Flour mite family photograph
by Mike Kelly, acheta, UK
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy26 | march - april 2011
FEATURE
GFMT11.02.indd 26 30/03/2011 15:54
What can be done?In simple terms, grain stores
should be prepared by thoroughly cleaning the store and fixed equip-ment. Burn the sweepings.
Use Bait-Bags or the Flat PC phe-romone-baited monitors, or Russell MST traps to detect any residual infestation. If there are any residual insects and mites, be ready to apply a suitable insecticide spray at least three weeks before the harvest.
Why clean? Insects and mites survive in stores
between harvests by finding grain spillage and residues. These are usu-ally in the least accessible places, both for cleaning and for effective insecticidal spraying. Thus do the pests remain hidden ... until the new (and highly attractive) grain harvest is put into store! Cleaning will reduce the number of these survivors and allow the insecticide to work effec-tively, instead of getting bound up with old grain dust.
Why bother with trapping?In large stores, there is a clear
cost in labour and insecticide terms if spraying is necessary. These traps work 24 hours/day and, will indicate if there is a need to use insecticides and, if also used after a spray treat-ment, they can then confirm that insect eradication has been achieved as necessary. We should also bear in mind the small size of all of our successful grain pests, and how dif-ficult they are to see in the vastness of large farm or Co-operative, or Commercial Grain stores.
Why spray the store?Although grain fresh from the
fields won't be infested with stor-age pests, (at least in the UK) there could still be a small number of the major pests in the grain store from the previous year; remember then that they can breed at a 60-fold monthly increase in numbers. There are also several common species of “poor hygiene” pests, which damage grain and will cause rejections just as the primary pests. Cleaning will help reduce their numbers, but only an effective spray treatment done in time, can eliminate them. It puts a toxic “barrier” between their hiding places, and the new food supply - the freshly harvested grain.
How should I clean the store?
As thoroughly as possible! But no real magic here. Use a sweeping brush, scraper and industrial vacuum
Saw-toothed grain beetle
Plaster beetle
Flour mite family photograph
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 27
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GFMT11.02.indd 27 30/03/2011 15:54
like the spider beetles, can also, (given time - at least a whole season) seriously damage the surface grain. So it pays to monitor the grain throughout the storage period.
Monitoring for pests used to mean labori-ously sampling all parts of the bulk or bins and sieving to separate insects and mites from the grain. Modern traps give believable results quite quickly with little effort. The best, for cost and efficacy, is the PC trap, a simple clear plastic cone with a perforated plastic lid. These are used (as a pair) at the surface and about 20 cm below. Tied to canes, the traps are removed for inspection at weekly intervals after harvest, extending to 2 to 3-weekly later in the season. Trapping is effortless and should be continuous, as proof of zero infestation. All insects and mites thus trapped should be identified to decide the appropriate action to take.
Remember the right action to take (includ-ing, perhaps, no action), depends on accurate pest identification. However, it is also important to monitor, the temperature of the bulk. Provided that the general temperature is below 12°C, there is little risk of significant beetle development. But the surface layers can warm up due to radiated heat from the roof or as the ambient air temperature rises in Spring. The grain surface is most at risk and is where insect trapping (detection) is vital. PC Traps will take the guesswork out of pest-free storage.
Don't forget that whereas the principal beetles cope well in very dry grain, mites require a high humidity environment (to avoid death through desiccation), and therefore grain moisture content is critical to their success, which is why mites often develop at the surface during a long damp winter. Maintaining cereal grains below 15 percent moisture content should ensure that there are virtually no mites present in the grain, though atmospheric humidity will increase this in the upper layers. Remember, too, that mites can breed down to 5°C, unlike the 18°C beetles. Mite monitoring in bulk grain by surface PC traps will give early warning of developing problems.
dust is ideal for brushing through the air slots in ventilated floors and ducts, especially where effective cleaning has been difficult to achieve. DE dusts can also be admixed with grains, but check first that the final user will accept this admixture. Smoke generators can sometimes be used to good effect in enclosed spaces such as bins and elevators, and sometimes for very high roofs, but they are not an effective substitute for a high-volume conventional spray.
ULV formulations are not appropriate for UK grain store treatments, being designed to kill flying insects, which are not an issue in UK-stored cereal grains. An ineffective insecticide treatment is a waste of effort (and technically illegal if you know in advance that it won’t work.)
It is essential that clear records are kept, of any insecticidal treatments carried out inside (and outside) the grain store. If appro-priate, make a simple diagram of the store, and mark where you have sprayed or used other insecticides. Keep a log of all treat-ments, including the type (manufacturer's insecticide name and type, e.g. emulsion, smoke, dust etc.) and the date applied.
Any other points? In the United Kingdom, the primary grain
beetles do not come in with the harvest from the field, but they may be introduced into the store in transport, on bags of feed, on pallets or in the grain tank of a contract combine. Transfer of grain from one store to another often moves insect pests around.
Remember… No pests this year doesn’t guarantee no pests next year – they are com-monly transported around the industry, in sacks, wagons and bulk transport/containers.
There are also other species: fungus and mould beetles, spider beetles, plaster beetles, booklice and house moths. Most are really indicators of suspect hygiene or damp condi-tions in the store or on the surface of the grain.
All can be the cause of rejection and some,
cleaner. Compressed air can sometimes be useful, though it will generate a lot of air-borne dust (consider the health and safety implications and always wear appropriate breathing and eye protection), and will tend to blow the small insects and mites from one place to another. High-pressure washing is also good, but the store must be dried out again before trapping, spraying and loading in the new grain. Make sure any sub-floor ventilation ducting is particularly well cleaned and dried.
How do I spray the store?It’s often the most efficient to employ
a reputable contractor with the necessary powerful equipment, including hydraulic lifts etc. However the choice of insecticide and formulations has reduced dramatically in recent years, and everyone is obliged by law only to use an insecticide labelled for use in grain storage. At the time of writing we have one organophosphate insecticide (chlo-rpyrifos methyl = “Reldan”), which is also approved for admixture with some cereal grains, and some pyrethroid insecticides, which may have general approval for treat-ing grain store buildings, but often NOT for treating surfaces which the grain will touch, in other words such resulting contamination may make the grains unsaleable.
In general the pattern of spraying will be from the wall-top down, in bands 1 to 3 metres wide, depending on the sprayer. Spraying just to the point of 'run-off' means you can’t get any more insecticide on the surface, (whatever its absorbency) and there will be correct coverage.
And other insecticides?Desiccant dusts (= Diatomaceous Earth
dusts) for a long time required Government approval, but are now generally available reg-istration-free, and smoke generators (always registered) are also available for treating grain store structures. Each has its uses: the
Images - Top left to bottom right:; ; ; ; ;
.
House moth larvae walking in organophosphate (= Actellic) dust
Mass of Acarus mites on bulkrapeseed
Bulk wheat with mass of mouse tracks and too high for fumigation
Saw-toothed grainbeetle migrating up from wheat bin
House moth cocoons along brick mortar joints in grain store
Mites pouring out of overheating damp barley in woven tote bag
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy28 | march - april 2011
FEATURE
GFMT11.02.indd 28 30/03/2011 15:54
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 29
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News March - April 2011 NEWS
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 7
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Archer Daniels Midland C o m p a ny r e c e n t l y completed an upgrade of
its Southport, NC facility in the USA to allow the company to increase production and packaging capabilities for its proprietary CitriStim® feed additive.
The facility upgrade included the addition of driers that allow ADM to double CitriStim production capacity and also packaging improvements that help minimise package leaks, create more uniform and durable pallets, and make product information easier to read.CitriStim is a yeast mannan source that is used as a feed ingredient for livestock, equine, poultry, aquaculture and companion animals. ADM began producing CitriStim in 2004 and today, ADM Alliance Nutrition Inc, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADM, uses it in more than 400 feed formulations.Livestock nutritionists believe CitriStim has a positive effect on gut microbial populations and
immune function. More than 50 scientific research studies on a range of species have demonstrated CitriStim’s efficacy.
“The upgrades to our Southport facility will improve our ability to provide uninterrupted supplies of CitriStim to US and global
customers,” says Peter Bergstrom, product manager for ADM Alliance Nutrition Inc.Upgrades to the Southport facility began in November 2009 and full-scale production started in the third quarter of 2010.
ADM upgrades its Southport NC, CitriStim facility
GFMT11.02.indd 7 30/03/2011 15:53
News March - April 2011 NEWS
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 7
www.denis.fr
store, handle and clean your grain to grow your harvest value
Since 1855
FRANCE
Bin SweepZero Entry
We manufacture a comprehensive range of quality machinery suitable for all areas of the Grain, Feed and Milling industries.
Main products and service:1. Indented Cylinder Separator, Length Grader, Thickness Grader, De-stoner,
Vibrating Cleaning Screen, Magnet Separator2. All kinds of conveying equipments, such as en-mass Conveyor, Belt Conveyor,
Chain Conveyor, Bucket Elevator, Screw Conveyor etc3. Manufacture and installment of stainless steel nonstandard equipment
www.hualiang.com.cn/english
Tel:+86-515-85315666 • Mob: +8613905110028 • Fax: +86-515-85314485 • [email protected] Weiyi Rd, Economy Development District Dongtai, Jiangsu Prov., China, 224200
Jiangsu Hualiang Machinery Co., Ltd
2. All kinds of conveying equipments, such as en-mass Conveyor, Belt Conveyor,
Tel:+86-515-85315666 • Mob: +8613905110028 • Fax: +86-515-85314485 • [email protected]
Indented Cylinder Separator
Rice Selecting Grader (Length Grader)
Conveyor System
Jiangsu_Hualiang_190x58.indd 1 07/12/2010 10:28
Archer Daniels Midland C o m p a ny r e c e n t l y completed an upgrade of
its Southport, NC facility in the USA to allow the company to increase production and packaging capabilities for its proprietary CitriStim® feed additive.
The facility upgrade included the addition of driers that allow ADM to double CitriStim production capacity and also packaging improvements that help minimise package leaks, create more uniform and durable pallets, and make product information easier to read.CitriStim is a yeast mannan source that is used as a feed ingredient for livestock, equine, poultry, aquaculture and companion animals. ADM began producing CitriStim in 2004 and today, ADM Alliance Nutrition Inc, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ADM, uses it in more than 400 feed formulations.Livestock nutritionists believe CitriStim has a positive effect on gut microbial populations and
immune function. More than 50 scientific research studies on a range of species have demonstrated CitriStim’s efficacy.
“The upgrades to our Southport facility will improve our ability to provide uninterrupted supplies of CitriStim to US and global
customers,” says Peter Bergstrom, product manager for ADM Alliance Nutrition Inc.Upgrades to the Southport facility began in November 2009 and full-scale production started in the third quarter of 2010.
ADM upgrades its Southport NC, CitriStim facility
GFMT11.02.indd 7 30/03/2011 15:53
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• Grain storage infestation managementUK Experiences
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