GRAMMAR BOOKGRAMMAR BOOK

Walberto Haynes Walberto Haynes

Spanish 3Spanish 3

Period 1Period 1

Parte 1Table of Contents

1. Present tense (ar, er, ir)

2. Stem changers

3. Irregulars

4. Saber vs. conocer

5. Reflexives

6. “Se” impersonal

7. Verbs like gustar

8. Cer/cir, guir/uir, ger/gir

9. Hacer expressions

10. Imperfect: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words

11. Preterite: 1) irregulars- car, gar, zar, spock, cucaracha, snake, snakey

12. Comparatives/ superlatives

13. Future: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words

AR, ER, IRAR, ER, IR

Stem ChangersStem Changers

Some spanish verbs are called Some spanish verbs are called stem-changersstem-changers because because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way.predictable way.

IrregularsIrregulars

Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know." In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know."

These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are notnot interchangeable.interchangeable.

ReflexivesReflexives Reflexive nouns:Reflexive nouns:

meme (myself) (myself)tete (yourself) (yourself)sese (himself, herself, yourself) (himself, herself, yourself)nosnos (ourselves) (ourselves)osos (yourselves) (yourselves)sese (themselves, yourselves) (themselves, yourselves)

““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,” In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,”

"They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up.""They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up." These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have

anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".

Verbs like gustarVerbs like gustar Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether

the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used.with which IO pronoun is used.

Uir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ GirUir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ Gir

Guir: in yo form, the gu gGuir: in yo form, the gu gUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oCer/Cir: in yo form c azCer/Cir: in yo form c azGer/Gir: chang g ajGer/Gir: chang g aj

Hacer expressionsHacer expressions The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of

time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:

ImperfectImperfect

The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.that occurred repeatedly.

The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.past that occurred over an extended period of time.

Irregular ImperfectIrregular Imperfect

ser ir ver

era iba veía

eras ibas veías

era iba veía

éramos íbamos veíamos

erais ibais veíais

eran iban veían

Imperfect Trigger WordsImperfect Trigger Words

Examples:Examples: ayerayer (yesterday), (yesterday), anteayeranteayer (the day before yesterday), (the day before yesterday), anocheanoche (last night), (last night), desde desde

el primer momentoel primer momento (from the first moment), (from the first moment), durante dos siglosdurante dos siglos (for two (for two centuries), centuries), el otro díael otro día (the other day), (the other day), en ese momentoen ese momento (at that moment), (at that moment), entoncesentonces (then), (then), esta mañanaesta mañana (this morning), (this morning), esta tardeesta tarde (this afternoon), (this afternoon), la la semana pasadasemana pasada (last week), (last week), el mes pasadoel mes pasado (last month), (last month), el año pasadoel año pasado (last (last year), year), hace dos días, añoshace dos días, años (two days, years ago), (two days, years ago), ayer por la mañanaayer por la mañana (yesterday (yesterday morning), morning), ayer por la tardeayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon). (yesterday afternoon).

PreteritePreterite

The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, or occurred during a specific specific number of times, or occurred during a specific period of time.period of time.

The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain of events.of events.

Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite

CAR, GAR, ZAR

Car Qué

Gar Gué

Zar Cé

1st person only

Hacer Dar y Ver Ir y Ser

Hice D/V i Fui

Hiciste D/V iste Fuiste

Hizo D/V io Fue

Hicimos D/V imos Fuimos

Hicieron D/V ieron Fueron

CUCARACHA é andar anduv_ iste estar estuv_ o poder pud_ imos poner pus_ ieron querer quis_

saber sup_tener tuv_venir vin_

Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite ContinuedContinued

Snake:•Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the usted and ustedes forms

Snakey•Only change in usted and ustedes•Add “y” to beginning of suffix

Comparatives/ SuperlativesComparatives/ Superlatives

Comparisons are expressed as follows:màs...que : more... thanmenos...que : less... thantan...como : as... astanto(a, os, as)...como : as much/many... as

FutureFuture

The future tense is used to tell what "will" The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.happen, or what "shall" happen.

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán

Irregular FutureIrregular Future

Irregular –ER verbs Irregular –IR verbs

SABERto know

PONERto put

VENIRto come

SALIRto leave, go

out

yo sabré pondré vendré saldré

tú sabrás pondrás vendrás saldrás

Ud., él, ella,

sabrá pondrá vendrá saldrá

nosotros/as

sabremos pondremos vendremos saldremos

vosotros/as

sabréis pondréis vendréis saldréis

Uds., ellos, ellas

sabrán pondrán vendrán saldrán

•You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with an –r.

Parte 2Table of Contents

1.1. Pret/ impPret/ imp

2.2. Fut/condFut/cond

3.3. PorPor

4.4. ParaPara

5.5. Por v. paraPor v. para

6.6. CommandsCommands

7.7. Pres. perfectsPres. perfects

8.8. Double object pronounsDouble object pronouns

9.9. AdverbsAdverbs

10.10. SubjunctiveSubjunctive

11.11. Se impersonal Se impersonal

12.12. Progressive with ir, andar, seguirProgressive with ir, andar, seguir

PreteritePreteriteThe preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.

Preterite IrregularsPreterite Irregulars

ser ir dar hacer

fui fui di hice

fuiste fuiste diste hiciste

fue fue dio hizo

fuimos fuimos dimos hicimos

fuisteis fuisteis disteis hicisteis

fueron fueron dieron hicieron

Imperfect Imperfect The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.

Imperfect IrregularsImperfect Irregulars

ser ir ver

era iba veía

eras ibas veías

era iba veía

éramos íbamos veíamos

erais ibais veíais

eran iban veían

FutureFuture The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen:The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen:

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb:endings to the infinitive form of the verb:

-é-é

-ás-ás

-á-á

-emos-emos

-éis-éis

-án-án

Future IrregularsFuture Irregulars

DecirDecir Dir_Dir_ HacerHacer Har_Har_ PonerPoner Pondr_Pondr_ SalirSalir Saldr_Saldr_ TenerTener Tendr_Tendr_ ValerValer Vendr_Vendr_ PoderPoder Podr_Podr_ QuererQuerer Querr_Querr_ SaberSaber Sabr_Sabr_

ConditionalConditional The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or

conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.probably.

To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infintive:of the following to the infintive:

íaíaíasíasíaíaíamosíamosíaisíaisíanían

hablar comer vivir

hablaría comería viviría

hablarías comerías vivirías

hablaría comería viviría

hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos

hablaríais comeríais viviríais

hablarían comerían vivirían

Conditional IrregularsConditional Irregulars

DecirDecir Dir_Dir_ HacerHacer Har_Har_ PonerPoner Pondr_Pondr_ SalirSalir Saldr_Saldr_ TenerTener Tendr_Tendr_ ValerValer Vendr_Vendr_ PoderPoder Podr_Podr_ QuererQuerer Querr_Querr_ SaberSaber Sabr_Sabr_

PorPor Rules:Rules:

1.1. to express gratitude or apologyto express gratitude or apology

2.2. for multiplication and divisionfor multiplication and division

3.3. meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of“meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of“

4.4. when talking about exchange, including saleswhen talking about exchange, including sales

5.5. to express a length of timeto express a length of time

6.6. for means of communication or transportationfor means of communication or transportation

7.7. to express cause or reasonto express cause or reason

ParaPara Rules:Rules:

1.1. to indicate destinationto indicate destination

2.2. to show the use or purpose of a thingto show the use or purpose of a thing

3.3. to indicate a recipientto indicate a recipient

4.4. to express a deadline or specific timeto express a deadline or specific time

Por vs. ParaPor vs. Para

"Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they "Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they are often confused because they can each be translated are often confused because they can each be translated as "for.“as "for.“

CommandsCommands

DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to an affirmative

DOP + IOP + ‘se’ must go before the negative command

NEGATIVE

AFIRMATIVE

NOSOTROS

Tú- simply drop the ‘s’

Los irregulares-Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’ form and change to

opposite vowel

Los irregulares- TVDISHES

Los irregulares- TVDISHESLos irregulares- TVDISHES

Tú- put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’

Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’ form and change to

opposite vowel

Present PerfectsPresent Perfects the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the

auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.adding either -ado or -ido. For example: He comido For example: He comido I have eaten I have eaten

he

has

ha

hemos

habéis

han

Double Object PronounDouble Object PronounDO Pronouns IO Pronouns English Equivalent

me me me

te te you (familiar)

lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)

nos nos us

os os you-all (familiar)

los, las les them, you-all (formal)

• When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.

• For example: Ellos me los dan.They give them to me.IO pronoun: meDO pronoun: los

AdverbsAdverbs

Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente-mente to to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to corresponds to -ly-ly in English. in English.

Adjective Fem. Form Adverb

claro clara claramente

constante constante constantemente

difícil difícil difícilmente

AdverbsAdverbs

Some adverbs do not follow any pattern of origination, Some adverbs do not follow any pattern of origination, and must simply be memorized. Here is a list of some and must simply be memorized. Here is a list of some common ones:common ones: BastanteBastante QuiteQuite DemasiadoDemasiado Too Too MalMal Badly Badly MuchoMucho A lot A lot MuyMuy Very Very NuncaNunca Never Never PeorPeor Worse Worse PocoPoco Little Little SiempreSiempre Always Always

SubjunctiveSubjunctive

1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.

2. Then drop the -o ending.

3. Finally, add the following endings:

Subjunctive IrregularsSubjunctive IrregularsDar:

dédesdé

demosdeisden

Estar:estéestésesté

estemosestéisestén

Haber:hayahayashaya

hayamoshayáishayan

Saber:sepasepassepa

sepamossepáissepan

Ser:seaseassea

seamosseáissean

Ir:vayavayasvaya

vayamosvayáisvayan

‘‘Se’ ImpersonalSe’ Impersonal

You will use the impersonal ‘se’ when the person doing You will use the impersonal ‘se’ when the person doing the action of the verb is not specified. the action of the verb is not specified.

The impersonal "se" is used with a third person singular The impersonal "se" is used with a third person singular verb to express the impersonal English subjects, one, verb to express the impersonal English subjects, one, you, people, or they.you, people, or they.

‘Se’

3rd person singular

Progressive With Ir, Andar, SeguirProgressive With Ir, Andar, Seguir

Present Participle

-ando

-iendo

-yendo