1. Monday 22nd June National Graphene Institute
#GrapheneWeek
2. #GrapheneWeek
3. 09:30 Intro and welcome to the graphene activity at the
University of Manchester, James Baker, Business Director, NGI
Richard Jeffery, Director, Business Growth Hub 09:45 Graphene
introduction and overview, Ivan Buckley, Project Manager, NGI 10:15
Electronics, Dr Antonios Oikonomou, Research Associate, University
of Manchester 10:45 Break 11:00 Composite and coatings, Bennie Li,
Research Associate, University of Manchester 11:30 Membranes and
energy, Dr Paul Wiper, Research Associate, NGI 12:00 Biomedical, Dr
Ania Servant, Knowledge Exchange Fellow (Graphene) 12:30 Networking
lunch 13:30 Event close #GrapheneWeek
4. #GrapheneWeek
5. Welcome James Baker Business Director NGI #GrapheneWeek
6. #GrapheneWeek
7. Richard Jeffery Director Business Growth Hub
#GrapheneWeek
8. #GrapheneWeek
9. Contact us to find out more: Phone: 0161 359 3050 Email:
[email protected] www.businessgrowthhub.com @bizgrowthhub
Business Growth Hub +Businessgrowthhub #GrapheneWeek
10. #GrapheneWeek
11. Graphene introduction and overview Ivan Buckley Project
Manager NGI #GrapheneWeek
12. http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk Unexpected Science
from a Pencil Trace Ivan Buckley Project Manager National Graphene
Institute (NGI) at the University of Manchester
[email protected]
13. http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk
14. Made in Manchester
15. Limitless Potential?? V
16. Graphene Superlatives 17 thinnest imaginable material
strongest material ever measured (theoretical limit) stiffest known
material (stiffer than diamond) most stretchable crystal (up to 20%
elastically) record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)
highest current density at room T (million times of those in
copper) highest intrinsic mobility (100 times more than in Si)
conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons lightest charge
carriers (zero rest mass) longest mean free path at room T (micron
range) most impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through)
?
17. Graphene Properties 18 Morphological Surface area 1gr =
2630 m2 Aspect ratio varies typically 2 for solvent exfoliation.
Transparent to light (97.7 %) and electrons Mechanical Stiffness =
1 TPa Strength = 130 GPa Chemical Easily functionalised
Processable
18. What is GRAPHENE? Graphene is defined as: -2 dimensional -
an allotrope of carbon - one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded
carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal
lattice. but accepted as - less than 10 layers thick - less than 30
nm. Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes Graphite
19. How to make GRAPHENE? Micromechanical cleavage of Graphite
(a)Attach a piece of graphite to sticky-tape (Cellotape) (b)Use the
sticky tape to thin out the graphite (c) Place the thin graphite on
a Silicon wafer, with a surface layer of Silicon Dioxide (d)Remove
most layers of graphite leaving behind graphene.
20. How to make GRAPHENE? Micromechanical cleavage of Graphite
Images courtesy P. Blake
21. Strongly layered material Can We Cheat Nature? Slice down
to one atomic plane
22. Production by removing elements from a large starting
material. Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements. How to
make graphene
23. Graphene & its derivatives A D B C E CVD Graphene (Gr)
Graphite (Gt) Reduced Graphene Oxide (ReGO) Graphene oxide (GO)
Graphite oxide (GtO) Graphene
24. Mass Production Price Quality Mechanical Exfoliation
research prototyping Liquid Phase Exfoliation coating, composites,
energy, bio CVD electronics photonics coating bio Molecular
Assembly nanoelectronics SiC electronics RF transistors
25. Early Graphene Applications Composites (Light weight,
multifunctional and highly damage tolerant structures) Graphene
electronics: specialist devices (e.g. high frequency transistors,
spintronics) or in combination with other electronics technologies
(e.g. printed electronics). Flexible Electronics (e.g. as
replacement for indium tin oxide in a range of applications such as
touch screens, solar cells etc.) Paints and coatings (e.g. barrier,
modification of optical/electrical properties of chemical
derivatives of graphene). Graphene Photonics (e.g. photomodulators,
photodetectors, plasmonics, ultra-fast lasers, metamaterials).
Graphene sensors (e.g. chemical, strain sensors). Energy storage
(e.g. graphene-based batteries, super-capacitors) ..??
26. Graphene Applications
27. Graphene Applications Introducing the new GR Graphene stick
range for 2014/15 The New Graphene Enhanced Technology will offer
greater energy transfer and performance, whilst the Graphene
composite construction gives greater power when hitting and
improved response when controlling the ball, as well as shock
absorbing properties for added feel and response.
28. Graphene Applications
29. Graphene Technology Roadmap
30. Graphene Applications are already here
31. Barriers/challenges to exploitation 32 Hype Bubble
Manufacturability - Good and reproducible quality graphene
materials, t for purpose Development of eective and reliable
processing techniques (e.g. to disperse, align, deposit,
functionalise, integrate etc.) Scalability, aordability and
security of supply Clear demonstration of competitive advantage
supported by cost benet data. Confusing nomenclature No standards
No Killer App Health and Safety uncertainties
32. 33
33. Graphene@Manchester NGI Centre for Doctoral Training for
Graphene Graphene Engineering Innovation centre Commercialisation
Graphene Research at Manchester The City of Manchester
34. Research Excellence the largest single graphene research
group (Over 200 researchers, PDRAs and Post Grads) Total Income of
c170m over the last 4 years Interdisciplinary Physics, Materials
Science, EEE, Bio and Life Sciences, Chemistry, Chem Eng, etc., 30
groups Unique Graphene Integrated Research Approach Production,
Characterisation, Materials Modelling, through to Application
35. Funding/Investment Gap in the Manufacturing-Innovation
Process Valley of Death
36. Beyond Graphene Novoselov et al PNAS (2005) 1 m 2D
Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox in SEM 2D crystals from other layered materials High
Quality Different From 3D Precursor 2D MoS2 in TEM 5 m 1m 0 8 232D
NbSe2 in AFM 10 m 2D boron nitride in optics
37. Composite materials and Heterostructures Few materials
determine our world Electronics: silicon Construction: steel
Aerospace: aluminium Few materials narrow opportunities Composite
materials & Heterostructures InGaN laser Plastics Fibres Carbon
Fibres Still need wider range of properties AlInN HEMT
38. Layer by Layer Material Engineering Building materials atom
by atom Wide range of compositions - wide range of functionalities
sensor solar cell transistor interconnect reinforcement Composite
materials & Heterostructures InGaN laser Plastics Fibres Carbon
Fibres Still need wider range of properties AlInN HEMT
40. National Graphene Institute (NGI) Contact:
[email protected]
http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/
41. #GrapheneWeek
42. Electronics Dr Antonios Oikonomou Research Associate NGI
#GrapheneWeek
43. National Graphene Institute Introduction to Graphene and
Other 2D Materials and their possible applications Graphene
Electronics 22nd June 2015 Antonios Oikonomou, Ph.D., M.Phil.,
Dipl.-Eng. Research Associate
[email protected]
44. Talk outline Alignment -> Expectations Fundamental
Issues -> New approaches Innovation -> Disruption
45. Graphene electronics
46. Electronics
47. ITRS Si first prepared/characterized 1823 First transistor,
Bell Labs 1954 First commercial processor, TMS 1000 TI - 1971 John
Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs,
1948.
48. Transistor Count
49. Digital electronics
50. Analog electronics
51. Analog electronics
52. Graphene and Dirac Cones
53. The Band Gap problem
54. Lego blocks
55. 2D crystals family Possibilities are limited by
imagination
56. Innovation tools Fig. 68 BN/SLG/BN/SLG/BN devices.106 (A)
Optical image. (B) Electron micrograph. Two 10-terminal graphene
Hall bars are shown in green and orange. The scale is given by the
2 m Hall bar width.
57. Innovation tools Generation I Manual flake transfer
system
58. New design principles 2D materials based Vertical FET
59. Large On/Off ratios and strong light-matter interactions
Flexible transistors
60. Light emitting diodes Quantum efficiency comparable with
modern OLEDs
61. Resonant tunneling Alignment with a high degree of
precision (within 2o)
62. Innovation tools Generation II Automated flake transfer
system in controlled atmosphere
63. Air-sensitive crystals Demonstration of devices using black
phosphorus (BP) and niobium diselenide (NbSe2)
64. Take home message Realism Innovation Disruption
65. References [1] L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B.
D. Belle, F. Schedin, A. Mishchenko, T. Georgiou, M. I. Katsnelson,
L. Eaves, S. V. Morozov, N. M. R. Peres, J. Leist, A. K. Geim, K.
S. Novoselov, and L. A. Ponomarenko, Field-effect tunneling
transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures., Science ,
vol. 335, no. 6071, pp. 947950, 2012. [2] A. Mishchenko, J. S. Tu,
Y. Cao, R. V. Gorbachev, J. R. Wallbank, M. T. Greenaway, V. E.
Morozov, S. V. Morozov, M. J. Zhu, S. L. Wong, F. Withers, C. R.
Woods, Y.-J. Kim, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, E. E. Vdovin, O.
Makarovsky, T. M. Fromhold, V. I. Falko, A. K. Geim, L. Eaves, and
K. S. Novoselov, Twist-controlled resonant tunnelling in
graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures., Nat.
Nanotechnol., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 808813, 2014. [3] F. Schwierz,
Graphene transistors., Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 7, pp.
487496, 2010. [4] T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell,
R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y.-J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J.
Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K.
S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, Vertical field-effect transistor
based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent
electronics., Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 100103, 2013.
[5] L. G. Rizzi, M. Bianchi, A. Behnam, E. Carrion, E. Guerriero,
L. Polloni, E. Pop, and R. Sordan, Cascading wafer-scale integrated
graphene complementary inverters under ambient conditions., Nano
Lett., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 39483953, 2012. [6] S.-J. Han, A. V.
Garcia, S. Oida, K. A. Jenkins, and W. Haensch, Graphene radio
frequency receiver integrated circuit., Nat. Commun., vol. 5, 2014.
[7] X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, and E. Y. Andrei, Approaching
ballistic transport in suspended graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol.
3, no. 8, pp. 491495, 2008. [8] F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, G. Yu,
M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, A. C. Ferrari, R. S. Ruoff, and V.
Pellegrini, Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid
systems for energy conversion and storage, Science, vol. 347, no.
6217. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015.
[9] F. Withers, O. Del Pozo-Zamudio, A. Mishchenko, A. P. Rooney,
A. Gholinia, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. J. Haigh, A. K. Geim, A.
I. Tartakovskii, and K. S. Novoselov, Light-emitting diodes by
band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures., Nat.
Mater., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 301306, 2015.
66. Q&A Thank you for your attention
67. #GrapheneWeek
68. Break #GrapheneWeek
69. #GrapheneWeek
70. Composite and coatings Bennie Li Research Associate
University of Manchester #GrapheneWeek
71. Graphene Nanocomposites School of Materials The University
of Manchester [email protected] Zheling (Bennie)
Li
78. Production by removing elements from a large starting
material. Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements. Price
Quality Mechanical Exfoliation research prototyping Liquid Phase
Exfoliation coating, composites, energy, bio CVD electronics
photonics coating bio Molecular Assembly nanoelectronics SiC
electronics RF transistors Raw Materials Novoselov et al, Nature,
2012. Tung V. C. et al. Nat. Nano. 2009.
http://powerlisting.wikia.com/wiki/Graphite_Manipulation
79. Composites Processing
80. Composites Processing Putz K.W. et al. Adv. Func. Mater.
2010. Solution Blending Valls C. et al. Comp. Sci. Tech. 2013. Melt
Blending Zhao X. et al. Nat. Sci. Rep. 2013. In-situ
Polymerization
83. How to reinforce? GrapheneSurface Area Rigidity
Outperforming Diamond Most Stretchable Crystal Activated Carbon X 5
Mechanical Reinforcement 3 g
84. ~ +50% IFSS Raw Mechanical Reinforcement Vlassiouk. et al.
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015.Valls C. et al. Comp. Sci. Tech.
2013. Leading Supporting https://grabcad.com/library/spring-steel-1
Ceramic Spring Coated Zhang. et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,
2012.
85. Song et al. Adv. Mater. 2013. Thermal Conductivity >
Diamond Functional Applications Balandin, UCLA Heat Sink Thermal
Stability Wicklein et al. Nat Nano, 2015. Fire-Retardant
86. > Copper Bae S. et al. Nat. Nano. 2010. Electrical
Conductivity Functional Applications Flexibility Longer Battery
Life Environment, Low Cost Secor et al, JPCL, 2013. Ink-Jet
Printing Novoselov et al, Nature, 2012. Energy Storage
87. Most Impermeable Helium atom cant squeeze He Impermeability
H2O Permeability Barrier Functional Applications Novoselov et al,
Nature, 2012. Nair R.R. et al. Science 2012; 335: 442
88. Joshi et al, Science, 2014 Raman et al, Carbon, 2012 Su et
al, Nat Comm, 2014 Functional Applications Barrier Coating
Water-proof!
89. Strain Sensor Functional Applications Boland et al, ACS
Nano, 2014 FET Sensor Feng et al Adv. Mater. 2013 DNA Sequencing
http://www.ks.uiuc. edu/Research/dbps/ Molecule/Ion
http://www.gtp.or.kr/antp/new _tech/view_all.jsp?no=151945 Photo
Detector Nokia
92. Stiff competition: Uni have received a grant of around
60,000 to revolutionise the condom market (Manchester Evening News)
Boron Nitride
93. Conclusions Graphene Nanocomposites provide various
applications. It covers mechanical, electrical, thermal, barrier,
sensor applications and so on. Urgent demand is to decrease the
cost, increase the materials quality and also regulate the
market.
94. Zheling (Bennie) Li School of Materials The University of
Manchester [email protected] Graphene
Nanocomposites Thank You!
95. #GrapheneWeek
96. Membranes and energy Dr Paul Wiper Research Associate NGI
#GrapheneWeek
97. National Graphene Institute Graphene Membranes
Graphene-Based Energy Storage Devices Paul Wiper, PhD, MSc.
Research Associate [email protected]
98. Graphene-Based Membranes
99. RO Process Low desalination capacity and high capital costs
RO consumes 2 kWh m-3 for only 50 % recovery Polymeric membranes
are prone to fouling, suffer low flux rates, rapid degradation,
sensitive to pH and solvents
100. Graphene oxide membranes GO d =10 Dr. Rahul Nair Nature
Comm, 5:4843, 2014 Science, 27, 335, 2012 Barrier free water
transport Impermeable to all solvents except water
101. Adding water to hexane GO membrane Graphene oxide
membranes Show promise as new water purification membranes
102. Barrier protection Outperforms industrial standard
103. Graphene-based energy storage and conversion devices
104. Energy Storage Systems CO2 by 80% by 2050 CO2 Capture
Towards Renewable Energy
105. Energy Storage Systems Electrical Mechanical Thermal
Chemical Superconducting magnetic energy storage Capacitors
Supercapacitors Pumped hydroelectric Compressed air Flywheels Hot
water cylinders Batteries Lithium-ion ESS
http://www.energystorageexchange.org
106. Li+ ion LiC6; GraphiteLiCoO2 Chem. Rev. 2014, 114,
1163611682 Traditional Li-ion Cell: Electrochemical
107. Supercapacitors + + + + + ++ - - - - - - Double-layer
formed at the interface between the solid electrode material
surface and the liquid electrolyte in the micropores of the
electrodes V applied > opposite charges accumulate on the
surfaces of each electrode Charges are kept separate by the
dielectric, thus producing an electric field Capacitors store
energy in its electric field
108. Batteries vs. Supercapacitors
109. Graphene-based Electrodes J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2,
1532
110. Production of Graphene for Electrodes NMP
(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) Ultrasonicator Dispersed graphene flakes
Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) Exfoliated graphene nanosheets
Ultracentrifugation Surfactants Low-cost and mass scalable Produce
high quality graphene Opt. Mater. Express. 2014, 4, 63-78 Science,
2013, 340, 1-18
111. LIBs: Graphene-based Materials for Anodes Material Anode
Specific capacity (mAh g-1) Graphite 372 Graphene nanosheets (GNS)
540 ACS Nano, 2011, 5 (7), pp 54635471
112. LIBs: Graphene-Composite Materials for Anodes
Charge/discharge curves of the composite electrode (0.5 mV/s over
0.01-2.5 V) Various reports using different forms of graphene
850
113. Silicon is the most promising, owing to its high natural
abundance, low discharge potential, and high theoretical charge
capacity (3579 mAh g1) Large volume changes (up to 270% for the
Li3.75Si phase) Loss of electrical contact during lithium insertion
and extraction result in capacity fading Reducing the Si particle
size to the nanoscale Dispersing the electroactive particles in a
carbon matrix - It is believed that carbon-based materials buffer
the volume changes and improve the electronic and ionic
conductivities LIBs: Graphene-Silicon Composite for Anodes
114. LIBs: Graphene-Silicon Composite for Anodes Journal of
Power Sources 2015, 287, 177-183 Electrochemistry Communications
2010, 12, 303306 Si dendrites Graphene Charge/discharge curves of
the composite electrode (0.5 mV/s over 0.01-2.5 V) Si/G electrode
delivers a reversible initial capacity of 2280 mAh g1 and a
capacity retention of 85% even after 100 cycles and a capacity as
high as 1521 mAh g1
115. Commercialisation of Graphene Anodes for LIBs
Graphene-Li-S (UK) Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA) Market now:
Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA) Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA)
116. LIBs: Graphene-based Materials for Cathodes LiCoO2 LiMn2O4
LiFePO4 Characteristics of commercial LIB cathode materials R.J.
Brodd (ed.), Batteries for Sustainability: Selected Entries from
the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology,Springer,
Scienc-Business Media New York 2013
117. Improving the Energy Density of Supercapacitors
121. Overview Graphene membranes show great promise as
alternative membranes in water purification technology Extensive
research into graphene-based electrodes in LIBs and Supercapictors
Commercially viable technologies Investment and big players to take
technology forward
122. Perspectives * * Nature Mat. 2012, 11, 19-29
http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/tesla/model-s/design Tesla S
Model: >7000 LIBs (nickel cobalt aluminum) (NCA) Panasonic ~ 260
m > 400 km (85 kWh) 240 V output, 1 hour = 60 miles 4.3 hrs
total charge Today 2012
123. Alternatives to LIBs: Nature 2015, 520, 325-329 Chem. Rev.
2014, 114, 1163611682 Energy density ~ 40 W h kg-1 Power density ~
3,000 W h kg-1 Al-IBsNa-IBs
124. #GrapheneWeek
125. Biomedical Dr Ania Servant Knowledge Exchange Fellow
(Graphene) #GrapheneWeek
126. Unravelling Graphene for Drug Delivery Graphene Industry
Workshop 22nd June 2015 National Graphene Institute, University of
Manchester Ania Servant, PhD., MSc. Network Strategy Coordinator/
Project Manager Research Deanery/Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of
Medical and Human Sciences National Graphene Institute
[email protected] 130
127. The Nanocarbon Family Graphite Diamond Nanodiamond Single
walled carbon nanohorns Bucky balls Fullerene Carbon nanotube
Graphene The family of carbon nanostructures is expanding Amorphous
carbon
128. Disruptive technology Graphene could pave the way for
bionic devices in living tissues that could be connected directly
to your neurons. So people with spinal injuries, for example, could
re-learn how to use their limbs. Graphene @ Manchester
129. Current Landscape Graphene as Biomedicine Number of
publications with graphene in the title Number of publications with
graphene for biomedicine and related fields About 710 publications
(June 2015) About 151, 931 publications (June 2015)
130. Current Landscape Graphene as Biomedicine Biosensing &
Diagnostic Devices 64% Toxicity 12% Drug Delivery & Imaging
carriers 8% Antibacterial Agents 4% Tissue engineering &
Scaffolds 4% Photothermal Therapy 3% Gene Delivery 2% Biochemistry-
General 2% Enzymatic Interations 1% Drug Delivery 13%
131. Current Landscape Non-Covalent Modifications Graphene as
Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
132. Current Landscape Covalent Modifications Graphene as
Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
133. Current Landscape Most mature Bio-Applications Graphene as
Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
134. the Roadmap View. How is the interaction with cells ? What
happens with graphene in the body ? Toxicity - Biodegradation -
Biopersistence? Optical properties of graphene are largely
unexplored for biomedical imaging Novoselov, K. and Kostarelos, K.,
Nature Nano, 2014 Graphene in Biomedicine
135. STEP 1: Understand your material Graphene Materials
Engineering
136. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 Understand your
material
137. Ali-Boucetta et al., Adv Health Mat, 2012 Modified Hummers
Method for Biologically- relevant GO Understand your material
138. STEP 2: Prove efficacious function Graphene Therapeutics
or Diagnostics
139. Polymeric implants for pulsatile drug release
Pre-programmed drug delivery systems Multi-layered polymeric
matrix: layer loaded with drug and a spacer layer Release
controlled by the degradation of the polymer matrix Smart
materials: Glucose or enzyme responsive pH responsive Temperature
sensitive Electro-sensitive Light sensitive 3D water swollen
polymer network Formed by chemical or physical cross- linking
Equilibrium swelling/shrinking behaviour High water content and
resemblance with natural tissues Biocompatible HYDROGELS Graphene
based drug delivery
140. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for pulsatile drug delivery
MAA, MBAM, PPS 70C, 20 hours Electrical stimulation I) II) III)
14C-sucrose loading into the gel matrix Servant et al., Adv.
Health. Mater., 2012 Servant et al., J. Mat. Chem., 2013 Graphene
based drug delivery
141. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater., 2014 In situ
polymerisation Graphene-based Electroresponsive Hydrogels for
pulsatile drug delivery Graphene based drug delivery
142. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater., 2014 Graphene-based
Electroresponsive Hydrogels Graphene gels outperform MWNT gel
hybrid in vivo: higher amounts of 14C- sucrose are released
Reproducibility between cycles implying less damage upon electrical
stimulation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 50 100 150
%14C-sucrosereleased invitro Time (min) graphene hybrid (0.2 mg/ml)
MWNT hybrid (0.2mg/ml) Blank gel 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 100 200
14C-sucroserelease inblood(%) Time (min) MWNT 0.2 mg/ml Blank gel
graphene 0.2 mg/ml Graphene based drug delivery Release Drugs
Better
143. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater, 2014 Graphene-based
Electroresponsive Hydrogels are Safer Gels were implanted
subcutaneously and electrically stimulated for 5 mins Significant
inflammation for MWNT hybrid gels due to gel heating during
stimulation Blank gel Graphene gelMWNT gel Graphene based drug
delivery
153. Diaphragm tissue Inflammatory response Evaluate
Intraperitoneal injection (50 g/animal) n=8-10 24 hr & 7 days
Ali-Boucetta et al., Adv Health Mat, 2012 Mesothelioma Model
Graphene toxicology C57 BL/6 mice (6weeks old)
154. STEP 6: Put everything into perspective Graphene For
medicine
155. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 SAFETY RULES 1. to use
small, individual CNMs that macrophages in the body can efficiently
internalize and remove from the site of deposition; 2. to use
hydrophilic, stable, colloidal dispersions of CNMs to minimize
aggregation in vivo; 3. to use excretable CNMs or
chemically-modified CNMs that can be degraded effectively. Put
everything into perspective
156. Acknowledgments
157. Networking lunch #GrapheneWeek
158. Contact us to find out more: Phone: 0161 359 3050 Email:
[email protected] www.businessgrowthhub.com @bizgrowthhub
Business Growth Hub +Businessgrowthhub #GrapheneWeek