GRAPHENETHE MATERIAL FOR THE

FUTURE

AVISHEK KUMAR, CHUA JIAN SERNG,

MOHAMMAD DANESH, NUR AZIZ

YOSOKUMORO, PRISCILLA MARIANI,

SAMUEL RAJ

For information on other technologies, please see Jeff Funk’s slide

share account (http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations) or his book

with Chris Magee: Exponential Change: What drives it? What does it tell

us about the future?

http://www.amazon.com/Exponential-Change-drives-about-future-

ebook/dp/B00HPSAYEM/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1398325920&sr=8-

1&keywords=exponential+change

Overview

What is Graphene

What make Graphene so special

Fabrication of Graphene

Applications

Improved applications

Whole new world of applications.

Summary

What is Graphene ?

2-Dimensional hexagonal

lattice of carbon

SP2 hybridized carbon atoms

Basis for Nanotubes and

graphite

Among strongest bond in

nature

A. K. Geim & K. S. Novoselov. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials Vol 6 183-191 (March 2007)

What make Graphene so special? Mechanical properties

Graphene is the strongest material ever

discovered

Extremely light 0.77mg/m2

Optical Properties

With largest optical absorption and widest

absorption spectrum

Electronic Properties

Travel sub-micrometer distances without

scattering

Thermal Properties

Graphene's thermal conductivity is amongst the

highest values currently available

7

Fabrication of Graphene

Exfoliation

Mechanical Exfoliation

Liquid Phase Exfoliation

Graphene Oxide Reduction

Carbon Segregation

Epitaxial Growth

Chemical Vapour Deposition

etc

Epitaxial Growth

High quality graphenes

❏ Most commonly used

substrate (SiC) is

expensive

❏ Difficult to transfer

❏ High temperature

Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)

Inexpensive substrate

Large area

❏ Imperfections (wrinkles and

grain boundaries)

❏ Further quality loss during

transfer

Copper

Substrate

Oxide

Copper

SubstrateCopper

Substrate

Graphene

Copper

Substrate

Graphene

PMMA

Graphene

PMMA

Silicon

Substrate

Graphene

PMMA

NiFe

ElectrodeSilicon

Substrate

Graphene

NiFe

Electrode

Oxide layer removal

with H2 plasma

Graphene synthesis with

Methane gas through

PECVD

Spin coated Poly(methyl

methacrylate) (PMMA)Cu substrate

removal with

wet etch

Transferred to Silicon

substrate with pre-

fabricated NiFe

Removal of

PMMA with

aceton

Chemical Vapor Deposition on Copper substrate with Methane gas yields Graphene layer

Semiconductor fabrication techniques path the way for large scale manufacturability

Graphene Fabrication (CVD)

Graphene Fabrication (CVD)-The

Samsung way

Quality-Cost: Graphene Production

Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

Better Processes Lead to Lower Prices (Euros/cm2)

http://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-

price#.Ut8YMRAZ6Uk

Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

Quality-Application: Graphine

Patent trends

Applications

Improved Applications

Integrated circuit

Schwierz, Frank. "Graphene transistors." Nature nanotechnology 5.7 (2010): 487-496.

Improved Applications

Integrated circuit

Advantages

Highest current density. Million times

than copper at room temperature

Highest intrinsic mobility. 100 times

than Silicon

Graphene processor is >400 times

faster than current processor

Challenges

Growth on wafer scale

Band gap engineering

Encapsulation to protect from

environment

New device physics.

Improved Applications

Integrated circuit: Band gap engineering

Zhang, Yuanbo, et al. "Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene." Nature 459.7248 (2009): 820-823.

Graphene Nanoribbon Transistors

Wang, Xinran, et al. "Room-temperature all-semiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors." Physical

review letters 100.20 (2008): 206803.

Integrated circuit: New device physics

Improved Applications

Improved Applications

OLED display

Few nanometers of graphene as transparent conductor

replace indium-based electrodes in organic light emitting diodes

(OLED), require lower power consumption.

Currently 55’ LG OLED cost $12,000, as compared to $3000 for

a LED TV.

Improved ApplicationsSolar Cells

High efficiency up to 2 times

Transparent

Low cost

Source: http://www.greenoptimistic.com/2014/01/16/graphene-solar-cells-double-efficiency/#.U0ac71feNWc

http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1319307

Electronics Applications of Graphine

Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

Water desalination

Whole New World of Applications

New Graphene Desalination

Requires Nearly 100 Times Less

Energy

Energy consumption accounts for

as much as one-third of the total

cost of desalinated water

It’s 500 times thinner than the best

filter on the market today and a

thousand times stronger

Water desalination-Working & Challenges

Method to use to make holes: Selective oxidation

Laser drilled

helium-ion bombardment

chemical etching

self-assembling systems

First prototype to be ready by 2015

Whole New World of Applications

Lightweight natural gas tanks

Advantage

CNG fuel tanks currently have to be made out of thick, bulky metal

in order to properly contain the gas, which can leak straight

through plastics and polymers.

Lining a lightweight polymer tank with graphene would create huge

fuel efficiency benefits without compromising on safety.

Current issue with CNG powered vehicle is its storage capacity.

GNR tank could be a solution.

Compliment the development of shale gas as gas storage is one of

the major challenge

Whole New World of ApplicationsLightweight natural gas tanks: Cost analysis

28

Comparison gas tank of different material

Steel Tank Composite Material Tank Graphene Material Tank

Price : US$1,000.00

Surface area : 6m2

Weight : 160kg

Application : Durable and proven

Still in the market because it is

cheap and durable

Price : US$3,000.00

Surface area : 6m2

Weight : 65kg

Application : Light and durable but

brittle.

Currently most favourite

Price : US$833,000.00 (now)

US$600 (in 10 years time)

Surface area : 6m2

Weight : < 1kg (4.62mg to be exact)

Application : Flexible, light and able to

withheld higher pressure

Unproven at the moment, but great

potential as it can carry “higher fuel to

weigh ratio”.

Battery and Supercapacitor/Ultracapacitor: Energy storage

Source: graphene.manchester.ac.uk

Whole New World of Applications

Challenge

Irreversible capacitance of graphene still too high

Electrochemical interaction with electrolyte characterization and

requirement

Cost

Advantage

Large surface area to mass of

Graphene => very efficient

electrode to store large amount of

electrical energy in small volume

and weight by 20 times

Maintain 97% performance for

over 10,000 charge/discharge

cycle

Whole New World of ApplicationsHydrogen Fuel Cell

Researchers have prepared graphene layers to increase the

binding energy of hydrogen to the graphene surface in a fuel tank

resulting in a higher amount of hydrogen storage and therefore a

lighter weight fuel tank. This could help in the development of

practical hydrogen fueled cars.

a GOF can absorb hydrogen, it does not take in significant

amounts at below 50 Kelvin (-223 degrees Celsius).

Whole New World of Applications

Bioapplications

Novoselov, Konstantin S., et al. "A roadmap for graphene." Nature 490.7419 (2012): 192-200.

Manipulating the hydrophilic–lipophilic properties of graphene (blue hexagonal planes) through chemical

modification would allow interactions with biological membranes (purple-white double layer), such as

drug delivery into the interior of a cell (blue region).

Graphene: Commercial Viability“HEAD's graphene tennis racket won Popular Science's

Best of What's New Award”

Graphene is integrated into the racquet shaft, making it more stable

and allowing an optimized redistribution of weight.

Weight has been shifted to the grip and racquet head, providing

better maneuverability and increased swingweight

These rackets are now shipping, ranging from $170 to $286

Novac Djokovic's tennis racket uses graphene. Photo: Reuters

Graphene: Commercial Viability

Graphenstone (graphene-based paint) by Graphenano

3 types of paint according to the usage: interior, exterior,

conductive

Advantages: super strong and durable, washable, breathable,

adsorbs CO2 and reacts with other polutants, chemical-free,

reduces sound transfer, anti bacteria/fungi/spores/mold/etc.

Conductive paint: potential coating for solar-powered building

http://www.graphenano.com/#work.

The Future with Graphene Technology

“So Are you ready to enter the new world of technology with

Graphene that will change the way you see the world now”

The Future with Graphene Technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YbS-YyvCl4#t=13.

Industry Development

TEAM: Q&A

Challenges in CVD Graphene

CVD graphene is a scalable and low cost production method. However

the quality of CVD graphene is lower than mechanically exfoliated

graphene.

Unfortunaltely so far there has been no scalable process for mechanical

exfolaiation of graphene and exfoliation remains as a in lab research

method for graphene production. In result much effort has been put into

improcing the quality of CVD graphene.

In the CVD method, graphene is synthesized on a thin metal layer. The

metal layer is placed on a substrate such a SiO2. During the synthesis

process the metal goes through high thermal fluctuations, as high as

1000C.

The difference in the thermal coefficients causes the metal layer to

become stressed and develop non-uniformities on its surface. In result

the synthesized graphene will contain wrinkles and have lower quality

than exfoliated graphene.

Improving CVD Graphene

A method recently proposed by researchers in Korea is to a buffer layer with very low

surface tension such a rGO between the metal and the substrate.

This will also the metal to release its mechanical stress by sliding on the buffer layer. The

graphene synthesized by this method has extremely higher quality. (91 percent single

layer and 15000 cm2/Vs mobility

Mun, Jeong Hun, and Byung Jin Cho. "Synthesis of Monolayer Graphene Having a Negligible Amount of Wrinkles by Stress Relaxation." Nano letters 13.6 (2013): 2496-2499.

http://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-price#.UzMbaIXeNWc

Theory

Currently desalination can be done through vacuum distillation which require

boiling of salt water or reverse osmosis which uses an applied pressure is used to

overcome osmotic pressure.

Holes created in Graphene sheet act as a “filter”

When water molecules (red and white) and sodium and chlorine ions (green and

purple) in saltwater, on the right, encounter a sheet of graphene (pale blue,

center) perforated by holes of the right size, the water passes through (left side),

but the sodium and chlorine of the salt are blocked

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=k5Tjy_90WBU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=F4-T2tYkAvc

Smithsonian Magazine acknowledge Graphene water desalination as

Top 5 Surprising Scientific Milestones of 2012

Lockheed Martin has been awarded a patent for Perforene™

material, Graphene perforated with holes

Source: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/mythical-particles-goldilocks-planets-and-more-top-5-surprising-scientific-

milestones-of-2012-161395279/?no-ist=

Graphene application –water desalination

Graphene Water Desalination

44

• nanoholes for disallowance chlorine ions is nominally nine

nanometers.

• nanoholes are nominally spaced apart by fifteen nanometers.

• nanoholes to disallow sodium ions is nominally six nanometers.

• Nanoholes hydrophobic nature improved ions repellence

• Method to use to make holes:

Selective oxidation

Laser drilled

helium-ion bombardment

chemical etching

self-assembling systems

• First prototype to be ready by 2015

Source: US Patent publication Pub No: US2012/0048804