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Bishnu Pradhan explains how the first telephone exchanges were setup in India in the 1980s. This presentation was made for Dr Ramamritham's class on ICTs for Development - hence the emphasis on the rural rollouts of CDOT.Rich (never-seen-before) photographs bring out the harsh environments these telephone exchanges had to survive in. They brought about an impact akin to the setting up the Railways a century earlier. They brought Indians closer promoting family ties, business ties and employment opportunities.Also making a guest appearance are Dr. Neil Gershenfeld of MIT (you can spot him in the picture of Pabal) and Dr. P. Anandan who heads Microsoft Research in India (you can spot him making a phone call in the Internet Telephony picture).Dr Bishnu is a cofounder of Agrocom Software (inc 2006).
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Bishnu D. Pradhan PhD, FNAEMumbai
Communications in ICT For Development – A PerspectiveCommunications in ICT For
Development – A Perspective
PRESENT STATUS IN INDIA
• FIXED LINES – 40 MILLION
• MOBILE CONNECTIONS – 40 MILLION
• TELEDENSITY APPROXIMATELY 8
• INTERNET CONNECTIONS – 5 MILLION
• INTERNET USERS NEARLY – 25 MILLION
TELEPHONES IN REMOTE VILLAGES IN NEPAL
LINKING POKHARA WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Remote Rice Fields
Manual Exchanges
RURAL ENVIRONMENT
C-DOT 256P RAX SWITCH
Rural Exchange in Orissa
RAX in Rajasthan Village
A RAX by the bedside
Rural Microwave – 6RU10
INSTALLING IN NEPAL NETWORK
RAX base WLL
• Wireless connectivity to RAX
• Use Motorola AMP Cellular Base station
• Enhanced capacity to : 400 Wireless and 200 wired subscribers
• First Wireless Local Loop solution
• Not approved by DOT for connectivity to the network
UNIT BEING WASHED ON A SUNNY DAY !
Satellite Phones
RSU
RSU
RSU
BSU
RSU
TDMA-PMP RADIO
30 Channel PCM4W E&M2WTP
STN
RAX
Wireless Technologies deployed
FIELD DEPLOYMENT
C-DOT91%
OTHERS9%
C-DOT
OTHERS
OTHERS55%
C-DOT45%
C-DOT
OTHERS
RURAL OVERALL
Satellite modemsSatellite modems
Rural wirelineRural wireline
Rural wirelessRural wireless
Objective : provide Urban like features in Rural sectors with minimized cost and appropriate technology.
With 50,000 more remote villages to be covered, wireless technologies may play a vital role.
CORDECT Rural Model
Vigyan Ashram in Pabal
PABAL INTERNET SERVICE
Technology Customization Example: Internet Access in Rural India
5 - 8 Km
MetroInternet
Village
802.11b range extensionusing directional, home grown,custom made antennas
802.11b range extensionusing directional, home grown,custom made antennas
Internet accesswithin 0.5 Km radius of the village center
Internet accesswithin 0.5 Km radius of the village center
Further range extensionusing multi-hopping
Further range extensionusing multi-hopping
Alternate path routingfor high reliability
Alternate path routingfor high reliability
802.11b Rural Connectivity
Internet Telephony
Video Conferencing from the Village
IITK’s 802.11b DGP Test Bed
River GangesIITK
Mandhana
SafipurSarauhan
Lucknow
5.5 Km
23 K
m
End to enddistance85 Km
Rajajipuram BSNL Tower
16 Km
38.2 Km
Kanpur-Lucknow Highway Lucknow Airport
Ajgain
18 Km
MS3
2.5 Km
Lodhar
Bithoor
37 k
m
23 Km IISTEMBanthar
Info kiosk
Info kiosk
Sawayajpur
VOIP
VOIP
Mobile Health Care
22 K
m
802.16 Wireless Standard
• Approved by IEEE Standards body in 2003
• Broadband Point to Multipoint System
• Frequency range 10 GHz to 66 GHz
• Line of Sight
• Average bandwith 70 Mb/s to 268 Mb/s
WiMax Standard
• Approved as 802.16 a standard
• Operates in frequency range 2GHz to 11 GHz.
• Non Line of Sight
• Bandwidth of 75 Mb/s
• Range of 3 – 5 miles, maximum of 30 miles, depending on tower height, power gain.
VSAT hub
Internet
Internet
VSAT station
Central Tower
Local server
Router
802.11access
points
Multihop access
VSAT BASED RURAL NETWORK
Village school in Harayan
Villager reaction
Bishnu D. Pradhan PhD, FNAEMumbai
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
