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E d i t e d b y

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Dedicated to those people who made this world beautiful through their innovations

Dilip Ghosh

Dedicated to my beloved teacher, Professor Mihir N. Das, DSc, Jadavpur University

Debasis Bagchi

Dedicated to my beloved family

Shantanu Das

Dedicated to my beloved mother, who allowed me to explore new avenues in life

R.B. Smarta

vii

ContentsPreface...............................................................................................................................................xiEditors............................................................................................................................................. xiiiContributors......................................................................................................................................xv

SECTION I Introduction

Chapter 1 Innovation.Journey:.How.to.Improve.R&D.Leverage.and Speed.to.Market................3

Dilip Ghosh, Shantanu Das, Debasis Bagchi, and R.B. Smarta

Chapter 2 Innovations.in.Functional.Food Industry.for.Health.and Wellness..............................5

Parigi Ramesh Kumar and V. Prakash

Chapter 3 Developments.and.Innovations.in.Dietary.Supplements.and.Functional Foods......... 13

M.L. Shankaranarayana, Jayant Deshpande, and Abhijit Bhattacharya

Chapter 4 Innovation.in.Food.Safety.and Regulation.................................................................. 43

Kalpagam Polasa and B. Sesikeran

Chapter 5 Creating.and.Establishing.Networks.for.the.Commercialization.of.Innovations....... 57

Leena Aarikka-Stenroos and Birgitta Sandberg

SECTION II Market and Trends

Chapter 6 Regulation.and.Marketing.of.Nutraceuticals.and.Functional.Foods.in Europe: The Broader.Impact.of.Nutrition.and.Health.Claims.Regulation............. 75

Patrick Coppens

Chapter 7 Market.and.Marketing.of.Functional.Foods.and.Dietary. Supplements.in America........................................................................................... 103

Philip E. Apong

Chapter 8 Dairy.Innovations.and.Market.Growth.in.India....................................................... 113

Raka Saxena, A.K. Srivastava, and A.K. Singh

viii Contents

Chapter 9 Changing.Global.Food.Consumption.Patterns:.An.Economic.Perspective.............. 125

Srikanta Chatterjee

Chapter 10 Influence.of.Regulations.on.the.Commercialization.and.Marketing.of.Functional.Foods.and.Nutraceuticals.in.Canada.and.the.United.States..................................... 141

Lina Paulionis, Alex Kocenas, Manki Ho, Karen Ly, Larry McGirr, and Ilana Platt

SECTION III Consumer Perspective on Innovation versus Need

Chapter 11 Functional.Food.Trends.in India............................................................................... 165

Rekha R. Mallia

Chapter 12 New.Approaches.for.Foods.and.Nutrition.for.the.Bottom.of the.Pyramid.(Gandhi’s Vision)....................................................................................................... 169

Ashok Vaidya

Chapter 13 Consumer.Reactions.to.Health.Claims.on.Food.Products........................................ 179

Klaus G. Grunert and Lisa Lähteenmäki

SECTION IV Technological Development on Healthy and Functional Foods

Chapter 14 Effect.of.Processing.on.Nutrients.in.Foods............................................................... 193

Fanbin Kong and R. Paul Singh

Chapter 15 Requirements.for.Innovative.Food.Packaging.......................................................... 215

Kata Galic

Chapter 16 Innovation.in.Iron.Fortification:.Is.the.Future.in.Iron-Binding.Milk.Proteins?.......249

Ashling Ellis, Vikas Mittal, and Maya Sugiarto

Chapter 17 Stabilization.of.Probiotics.for.Industrial.Application...............................................269

Devastotra Poddar, Arup Nag, Shantanu Das, and Harjinder Singh

Chapter 18 Application.of.Radio.Frequency.for.Military.Group.Ration.Food.Package.............305

K. Luechapattanaporn, Y. Wang, J. Wang, J. Tang, L.M. Hallberg, and C.P. Dunne

ixContents

Chapter 19 Interaction.between.Food.Components.and.the.Innovation.Pipeline....................... 319

Alistair Carr

Chapter 20 Innovation.in.Technology.Development.with.Reference.to.Enzymatic.Extraction of Flavonoids........................................................................................... 331

Munish Puri and Madan Lal Verma

Chapter 21 Novel.Extraction.Technology.for.Antioxidants.and.Phytochemicals....................... 343

Rajshri Roy, Kerrie Close, and Dilip Ghosh

SECTION V Innovation in Functional Food Ingredients

Chapter 22 Advances.in.Milk.Protein.Ingredients...................................................................... 363

Thom Huppertz and Hasmukh Patel

Chapter 23 Probiotics.as.Functional.Food.Ingredients.for.Augmenting.Human.Health............. 387

Sunita Grover, Ashwani Kumar, A.K. Srivastava, and Virender K. Batish

Chapter 24 Omega-3.Polyunsaturated.Fatty.Acids:.Basic.and.Contemporary Research.Issues......................................................................................................... 419

Melinda Phang, Melissa Fry, and Manohar L. Garg

Chapter 25 Assessment.of.Polyphenol-Rich.Foods.and.Beverages.on.Endothelial.(Vascular) Function.in.Healthy.Humans................................................................... 435

Mark L. Dreher

Chapter 26 Traditional.Understanding,.Modern.Science,.and.Usage.of.Herbal.Medicine for Diabetes............................................................................................... 455

Dennis Chang, Srinivas Nammi, and Suzanne Grant

SECTION VI Market to Innovative Products

Chapter 27 Drivers.and.Barriers.for.Marketing.Innovative.Functional.Food.Products.............. 477

Ruth D’Souza

Chapter 28 Marketing,.PR,.Advertising,.and.Media.for.Brand.Building.of.Innovative.Foods and Nutritional.Products.................................................................................485

M.G. Parameswaran

x Contents

Chapter 29 Financial.Implications.of Innovations....................................................................... 495

Girish P. Jakhotiya

Chapter 30 Market-Focused.Innovation.in Food.and.Nutrition...................................................509

R.B. Smarta

SECTION VII Future Trends

Chapter 31 Innovation.in.Food.Tourism.and.Product.Distribution............................................. 523

Timothy J. Lee, Tin-Chung Huang, and Kuan-Huei Lee

Chapter 32 Regulations.and.Innovations Interphase................................................................... 531

D.B. Anantha Narayana

Chapter 33 Nano-Functional.Foods:.Nanotechnology,.Nutritional.Engineering,.and Nutritionally Reductive.Food.Marketing........................................................... 547

Gyorgy Scrinis and Kristen Lyons

Chapter 34 Sustainability.of.Local.Food.Production:.A.Review.on.Energy.and.Environmental Perspectives...................................................................................... 555

Sumita Ghosh

Index .............................................................................................................................................. 581

xi

Preface

Our.new.book.Innovation in Healthy and Functional Foods.endeavors.to.integrate.two.key.contem-porary.concepts.“innovation”.and.“functional.and.healthy.foods,”.the.major.thrust.in.the.world.of.food,.nutrition,.and.nutraceuticals.

This.book.includes.topics.that.have.been.researched.in.academia.but.have.the.potential. to.be.applied.in.the.food.industry..The.question.arises.in.mind.as.to.which.step.in.the.innovation.process.would.be.ideal.for.academia–industry.collaboration..The.collaboration.may.take.place.at.any.step.in.the.innovation.process,.that.is,.ideation,.feasibility,.development,.commercialization,.and.launch..However,.we.think.the.most.ideal.point.is.at.stage.zero,.that.is,.even.before.a.particular.project.has.been.conceived..At.this.stage,.as.the.industry.scans.the.consumers’.needs.and.desires.it.can.also.scan.the.new.technologies,.solutions,.and.capabilities.available.within.academia..It.is.always.hard.to.decide.when.to.adopt.a.technology.from.academic.research.into.industrial.development..Though.there.is.no.strict.rule.yet.it.can.be.said.that.an.organization.with.strong.R&D.may.adopt.a.technology.in.its.initial.stage.and.develop.it.further..On.the.other.hand.for.a.market-driven.organization.it.is.more.convenient.to.adopt.a.mature.technology..All.these.innovation.concepts,.though.based.on.stud-ies.in.multiple.industries,.can.be.successfully.applied.to.the.food.industry.

The.focus.on.food.science.and.technology.has.transformed.over.centuries..In.the.past,.the.focus.of.food.science.and.technology.was.food.security..This.resulted.in.rapid.improvement.in.agricul-tural.production.techniques..Then.the.focus.shifted.to.food.safety.and.as.a.result.a.range.of.food.preservation.techniques.were.developed..Once.the.food.was.proven.safe,.the.taste,.flavor,.texture,.appearance,.and.other.sensorial.attributes.of.the.food.became.the.priority.of.the.food.industry.to.satisfy.consumer.acceptance..After.the.development.of.safe.and.tasty.foods,.the.focus.of.food.sci-ence.and.technology.shifted.toward.healthy.and.functional.foods..Functional.food.is.defined.as.food.capable.of.providing.health.benefits.beyond.basic.nutrition..Today,.consumers.desire.foods.that.are.capable.of.playing.not.only. a. “health-promoting”.but. also.a. “disease-preventing”. role,.over. and.above.their.routine.function.of.supporting.growth.and.maintenance.

A.functional.food.may.be.of.four.types:.(1).a.natural.food.in.which.one.of.the.components.has.been.naturally.present.at.relatively.high.concentrations;.(2).a.food.to.which.a.component.has.been.added.to.provide.benefits;.(3).a.food.from.which.a.component.has.been.removed.so.that.the.food.has.less.adverse.health.effects;.and.(4).a.food.in.which.the.absorption.of.one.or.more.components.has.been.increased.to.prove.a.beneficial.effect..This.book.focuses.mainly.on.the.type.2.functional.food.and.conducts.a.fairly.detail.exploration.into.the.functional. ingredients.(e.g.,.omega-3,.probiotics,.protein,.iron,.etc.).and.their.delivery.techniques.into.consumer.foods.

Innovation.in.functional.and.healthy.foods.can.be.carried.out.successfully.only.by.a.cross-functional.team.as.expertise.in.various.subjects.is.required.to.be.integrated..To.be.able.to.deliver.the. innovation.process. to. the. food. industry,. the.contributors.of. this.book.have.been. identified.carefully.to.make.sure.that.they.bring.various.skills.and.experiences.including.biological.science,.food. science,. engineering,. marketing,. regulatory,. legal,. financial,. sustainability,. and. manage-ment..In.an.era.of.open.innovation,.all.these.skills.do.not.need.to.be.situated.in.one.organization,.Various. organizations,. commercial. businesses,. and. research. institutions. can. work. together. to.lead.to.innovation..In the.spirit.of.open.innovation,.our.book.brings.together.experts.from.both.industry.and.academia.

This.book.puts.together.various.aspects.of.innovation.processes,.consumer.insights.and.trends.in.developed.and.developing.markets.for.functional.and.healthy.foods.as.well.as.a.range.of.technological.developments.in.functional.foods.and.ingredients..Also,.this.book.addresses.three.key.drivers.of.future.

xii Preface

innovations.in.the.food.industry..These.drivers.are.affordability,.sustainability,.and..tightening.of.gov-ernment.regulation..A.total.of.34.chapters.have.been.written.by.renowned.experts.from.around.the.world.and.edited.by.our.team.

Section.I.gives.an.overview.of.innovation.in.the.food.industry,.focusing.on.safe,.healthy,.and.functional.foods.

Sections.II.and.III.discuss.various.aspects.of.the.opportunities.and.scope.in.different.markets.for.functional. foods.. Section. II. provides. characteristics. of. the. markets. in. different. continents. (the.United. States,. Europe,. Asia,. and. around. the. world). in. terms. of. functional. and. healthy. foods..Section III.provides.some.insights.in.consumer.perception.of.functional.foods.and.ingredients.

Sections.IV.and.V.discuss.various.technological.aspects.associated.with.innovations.in.the.food.industry..Section.IV.focuses.on.innovations.in.food.processing,.packaging,.and.functional.ingredi-ent. delivery. technology,. whereas. Section. V. focuses. on. various. functional. and. nutritional. food.ingredients.

Section.VI.deals.with.the.connection.between.innovation.and.other.parts.of.the.business,.such.as.marketing,.sales,.regulatory.and.finance,.and.analyzes.commercial.feasibility.

Section.VII.provides. some. insights. into. future. trends. such. as. food. tourism,.nanotechnology,.sustainability,.and.globalization.

This.book.is.intended.for.a.broad.audience.associated.with.food.and.allied.industries,.with.the.intention.of.an.overview.of.the.contemporary.food.innovation..This.book.will.be.useful.for.profes-sionals.working. in.universities. and. research. institutions,. food,.nutraceutical. and.pharmaceutical.industries.as.well.as.for.the.students.studying.food.technology.and.food.business..Also,.this.book.can. be. a. good. resource. for. the. entrepreneurs. looking. for. opportunities. in. food. and. nutrition.industries.

xiii

Editors

Dilip Ghosh. received. his. PhD. in. biomedical. science. from.University. of. Calcutta,. India.. Previously,. he. held. positions. in.Organon.(India).Ltd.,.a.division.of.Organon.International,.BV.and.AKZO-NOBEL,. the.Netherlands;.HortResearch,.New.Zealand;.USDA-ARS,.HNRCA.at.Tufts.University,.Boston,.Massachusetts;.The.Smart.Foods.Centre,.University.of.Wollongong,.and.Neptune.Bio-Innovation.Pty.Ltd,.Sydney,.Australia..He.has.been.involved.for.a.long.time.in.drug.development.(both.synthetic.and.herbal).and.functional.food.research.and.development.both.in.academic.and.industry.domains..He.is.a.fellow.of.the.American.College.of.Nutrition.and. is.also.on. the.editorial.board.of. several. journals..Currently,. Dr.. Ghosh. is. a. director,. Nutriconnect,. Sydney;.Honorary. Ambassador,. Global. Harmonization. Initiative. (GHI)..

Dr..Ghosh.has.published.more.than.70.papers.in.peer-reviewed.journals,.numerous.articles.in.food.and. nutrition. magazines. and. books.. His. recent. book,. Biotechnology in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals,.was.published.by.CRC.Press.in.2010..Dr..Ghosh.is.the.review.editor.of.Frontiers in Nutrigenomics;. editorial. board. member,. Panacea E-Newsletter,. India;. guest. columnist. of.NutraScope, India;.and.associate.editor.and.member,.Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods,.Taylor.&.Francis,.USA.(2006–2007)..He.can.be. reached.at:. dilipghosh@nutriconnect.com.au;.dghosh@optusnet.com.au

Shantanu Das works. as. product. development. manager. at.Riddet.Institute.(Centre.for.Research.Excellence.in.Food.and.Nutrition),. Massey. University,. New. Zealand.. In. his. current.role,. he. is. responsible. for. developing. new. technologies. for.commercial. application. in. the. food. and. nutrition. industry..Dr. Das.and.his.team.undertake.R&D.projects.in.various.areas.related. to. functional. foods,. especially. delivery. systems. of.functional.ingredients..His.recent.achievement.is.development.of. a.patented. technology. for.delivering.probiotic.bacteria. at.high.concentration.through.shelf-stable.foods,.which.received.the.“Food.Industry.Innovation.Excellence.Award.2011”.from.the.New.Zealand.Institute.of.Food.Scientists.and.Technologists..In.his.current.role,.Dr. Das.has.led.a.number.of.projects.spon-sored.by.domestic.and.international.food.industry.

Dr. Das.completed.his.masters.in.dairy.technology.from.National.Dairy.Research.Institute,.India..He.completed.his.PhD.in.food.technology.and.post.graduate.diploma.in.business.management.in.New.Zealand.

He.has.worked.in.the.food.industry.for.over.12.years,.both.in.manufacturing.and.in.R&D..He.received.the.“PepsiCo.Global.Research.&.Development.Award”.in.2006.while.working.for.PepsiCo.Asia.R&D.

xiv Editors

Debasis Bagchi received. his. PhD. in. medicinal. chemistry. in.1982..He.is.a.professor.in.the.Department.of.Pharmacological.and.Pharmaceutical.Sciences.at.the.University.of.Houston,.Houston,.Texas..Dr..Bagchi. is.also. the.director.of. Innovation.&.Clinical.Affairs. of. Iovate. Health. Sciences. International. Inc.,. Oakville,.Ontario,.Canada..Dr..Bagchi. is. the.immediate.past.president.of.the.American.College.of.Nutrition,.Clearwater,.Florida,.and.also.serves. as. a. distinguished. advisor. on. the. Japanese. Institute. for.Health.Food.Standards,.Tokyo,.Japan,.and.immediate.past.chair-man.of.the.Nutraceuticals.and.Functional.Foods.Division.of.the.Institutes. of. Food. Technologists,. Chicago,. Illinois.. Dr.. Bagchi.received.the.Master.of.American.College.of.Nutrition.Award.in.October.2010..His.research.interests.include.free.radicals,.human.diseases,.carcinogenesis,.pathophysiology,.mechanistic.aspects.of.

cytoprotection.by.antioxidants,.regulatory.pathways.in.obesity,.diabetes,.and.gene.expression.Dr..Bagchi.has.288.papers.in.peer-reviewed.journals,.15.books,.and.16.patents..He.has.delivered.

invited.lectures.in.various.national.and.international.scientific.conferences,.organized.workshops,.and.group.discussion.sessions..Dr..Bagchi.is.a.Fellow.of.the.American.College.of.Nutrition,.member.of.the.Society.of.Toxicology,.member.of.the.New.York.Academy.of.Sciences,.Fellow.of.the.Nutrition.Research.Academy,.and.member.of.the.TCE.stakeholder.Committee.of.the.Wright.Patterson.Air.Force.Base,.Ohio..Dr..Bagchi.is.a.member.of.the.Study.Section.and.Peer.Review.Committee.of.the.National.Institutes.of.Health,.Bethesda,.Maryland..Dr..Bagchi.is.the.associate.editor.of.the.Journal of Functional Foods.and.Journal of the American College of Nutrition,.and.also.serving.as.editorial.board.member.of.numerous.peer-reviewed.journals.including.Antioxidants and Redox Signaling,.Cancer Letters,.Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods,.and.other.scientific.and.medical.journals..He.is.also.a.consulting.editor.of.the.CRC.Press/Taylor.&.Francis.

Dr..Bagchi.has.received.funding.from.various.institutions.and.agencies.including.the.U.S..Air.Force.Office.of.Scientific.Research,.Nebraska.State.Department.of.Health,.Biomedical.Research.Support.Grant.from.National.Institutes.of.Health.(NIH),.National.Cancer.Institute.(NCI),.Health.Future.Foundation,.The.Procter.&.Gamble.Company.and.Abbott.Laboratories.

R.B. Smarta is.the.founder.and..managing.director.of.Interlink.Marketing.Consulting.Pvt..Ltd..He.obtained.an.MSc.in.organic.chemistry.(drugs).from.the.University.of.Nagpur.(1967),.MMS.from.JBIMS.University.of.Mumbai.(1972),.and.a.PhD.in.man-agement.sciences. from.the.University.of.East.Georgia. (1982)..Dr..Smarta. is. an.FRSA.(Fellow.of. the.Royal.Society.of.Arts).conferred.by.RSA,.UK;.CMC.(Certified.Member.of.Consultants).by.IMCI;.corporate.trainer;.and.a.teacher..He.is.a.reputed.con-sultant.and.mentor.for.corporations.in.the.pharma,.nutra,.well-ness,.healthcare.and.lifescience.industry,.as.well.as.a.corporate.trainer..He.is.faculty.in.leading.management.institutions.such.as.

JBIMS.(Bajaj.Institute.of.Management.Studies),.NMIMS.(Narsee.Monjee.Institute.of.Management.Studies),.IIM.(Indian.Institute.of.Management),.Indore,.Pharmacy.College,.Manipal,.and.a.guide.to.PhD.students..Dr..Smarta.is.a.board.member.of.HADSA.(part.of.IADSA.(International.Alliance.Dietary/Food.Supplement.Associations)).and.also.an.editor.of.Nutrascope.(a.HADSA.Publication)..He.has.authored.two.research.books,.namely,.Strategic Pharmaceutical Marketing and Revitalizing the Pharmaceutical Business.. He. has. coauthored. one. book. namely. (Mega) Market in German and English.

Dr..Smarta.has.published.articles.in.journals.and.news.magazines.such.as.Pharma Pulse,.Modern Pharmaceuticals,.Pharmabiz,.Hindu,.Business Today,.Outline Today.

xv

Leena Aarikka-StenroosTurku.School.of.EconomicsUniversity.of.TurkuTurku,.Finland

Philip E. ApongInnovation.&.Clinical.AffairsIovate.Health.Sciences.International.Inc.Oakville,.Ontario,.Canada

Debasis BagchiDepartment.of.Pharmacological.and.

Pharmaceutical.SciencesUniversity.of.Houston.College.

of.PharmacyHouston,.Texas

and

Innovation.&.Clinical.AffairsIovate.Health.Sciences.International.Inc.Oakville,.Ontario,.Canada

Virender K. BatishDairy.Microbiology DivisionNational.Dairy.Research.InstituteHaryana,.India

Abhijit BhattacharyaOmniActive.Health.Technologies.Ltd.Maharashtra,.India

Alistair CarrInstitute.of.Food,.Nutrition.and.

Human HealthMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Dennis ChangCentre.for.Complementary.

Medicine ResearchandSchool.of.Biomedical.and.Health.SciencesUniversity.of.Western.SydneyNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Srikanta ChatterjeeSchool.of.Economics.and.FinanceMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Kerrie CloseGoodman.Fielder.LimitedNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Patrick CoppensInternational.Food.and.Health.Law.and.

Scientific.AffairsEuropean.Advisory.Services.Brussels,.Belgium.

Shantanu DasRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Jayant DeshpandeOmniActive.Health.Technologies.Ltd.Maharashtra,.India

Mark L. DreherNutrition.Science.SolutionsWimberley,.Texas

Ruth D’SouzaInterlink.Marketing.Consultancy.Pvt..Ltd..Maharashtra,.India

C.P. DunneCombat.Feeding.Innovative.Science.

TeamU.S..Army.Research,.Development,.and.

Engineering.CommandNatick,.Massachusetts

Ashling EllisRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Contributors

xvi Contributors

Melissa FrySchool.of.Biomedical.Sciences.and.

PharmacyUniversity.of.NewcastleNew.South.Wales,.Australia.

Kata GalicFaculty.of.Food.Technology.and.

Biotechnology.University.of.Zagreb.Zagreb,.Croatia

Manohar L. GargSchool.of.Biomedical.Sciences.and.

PharmacyUniversity.of.NewcastleNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Dilip GhoshNutriconnectandGlobal.Harmonization.Initiative.New.South.Wales,.Australia

Sumita GhoshSchool.of.Built.EnvironmentUniversity.of.TechnologyNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Suzanne GrantCentre.for.Complementary.Medicine.ResearchUniversity.of.Western.SydneyNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Sunita Grover Dairy.Microbiology.DivisionNational.Dairy.Research.InstituteHaryana,.India

Klaus G. GrunertMAPP.Centre.for.Research.on.Customer.

Relations.in.the.Food.SectorAarhus.UniversityAarhus,.Denmark

L.M. HallbergCombat.Feeding.Innovative.Science.TeamU.S..Army.Natick.Combat.

Feeding.ProgramNatick,.Massachusetts.

Manki HoCantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Tin-Chung HuangInstitute.of.Health.Industry.ManagementChing-Kuo.Institute.of.Management.

and.HealthTaipei,.Taiwan

Thom HuppertzNIZO.Food.Research.BVEde,.the.Netherlands

Girish P. JakhotiyaJakhotiya.&.AssociatesManagement.ConsultantsMaharashtra,.India

Alex Kocenas Cantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Fanbin Kong Department.of.Biological.and.Agricultural.

EngineeringUniversity.of.CaliforniaDavis,.California

Ashwani KumarDepartment.of.BiotechnologySeth.Jai.Parkash.Mukand.Lal.Institute.

of Engineering.and.TechnologyHaryana,.India

Parigi Ramesh KumarCentral.Food.Technological.Research.

InstituteKarnataka,.India.

Lisa LähteenmäkiMAPP.Centre.for.Research.on.Customer.

Relations.in.the.Food.SectorAarhus.UniversityAarhus,.Denmark

Kuan-Huei LeeSchool.of.Tourism.University.of.QueenslandQueensland,.Australia

xviiContributors

Timothy J. Lee Tourism.&.Hospitality.ManagementRitsumeikan.Asia.Pacific.UniversityBeppu,.Japan

K. Luechapattanaporn PepsiCo.Asia.Pacific.R&DBangkok,.Thailand

Karen Ly Cantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Kristen LyonsSchool.of.Social.ScienceUniversity.of.QueenslandQueensland,.Australia

Rekha R. MaliaBiosix.Peptides.India.Pvt..Ltd.National.Incubation.CenterKerala,.India

Larry McGirr Cantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Vikas MittalRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Arup NagRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Srinivas NammiSchool.of.Biomedical.and.Health.SciencesUniversity.of.Western.SydneyNew.South.Wales,.Australia

D.B. Anantha Narayana (retired)Foods,.Home.&.Personal.Care.Unilever.Research.India.Karnataka,.India

M.G. ParameswaranDraftfcb.Ulka.AdvertisingMaharashtra,.India

Hashmukh PatelDepartment.of.Dairy.Science.South.Dakota.State.UniversityBrookings,.South.Dakota

Lina Paulionis Cantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Melinda PhangSchool.of.Biomedical.Sciences.and.PharmacyUniversity.of.NewcastleNew.South.Wales,.Australia

Ilana PlattCantox.Health.Sciences.InternationalMississauga,.Ontario,.Canada

Devastotra PoddarRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

Kalpagam Polasa Food.and.Drug.Toxicology.Research.CentreNational.Institute.of.Nutrition.Andhra.Pradesh,.India

V. PrakashResearch,.Innovation,.and.DevelopmentJSS.Technical.Instiution.CampusKarnataka,.India

Munish PuriInstitute.for.Technology.and.Research.

Innovation.Deakin.UniversityVictoria,.Australia

Rajshri RoySchool.of.Molecular.BioscienceThe.University.of.Sydney.New.South.Wales,.Australia.

Birgitta SandbergTurku.School.of.EconomicsUniversity.of.TurkuTurku,.Finland

Raka SaxenaNational.Dairy.Research.Institute.Haryana,.India

xviii Contributors

Gyorgy ScrinisSchool.of.Historical.and.Philosophical.StudiesUniversity.of.MelbourneVictoria,.Australia

B. SesikeranFood.and.Drug.Toxicology.Research.CentreNational.Institute.of.Nutrition.Andhra.Pradesh,.India

M.L. ShankaranarayanaOmniActive.Health.Technologies.Ltd.Maharashtra,.India

A.K. SinghNational.Dairy.Research.Institute.Haryana,.India

Harjinder SinghRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

R. Paul SinghDepartment.of.Biological.and.

Agricultural EngineeringUniversity.of.CaliforniaDavis,.California

R.B. SmartaInterlink.Marketing.Consultancy.Pvt..Ltd.Maharashtra,.India

A.K. Srivastava National.Dairy.Research.Institute.Haryana,.India

Maya SugiartoRiddet.InstituteMassey.UniversityPalmerston.North,.New.Zealand

J. TangDepartment.of.Biological.Systems.

EngineeringWashington.State.UniversityPullman,.Washington

Ashok VaidyaICMR.Advanced.Centre.of.Reverse.

Pharmacology.Kasturba.Health.Society.Maharashtra,.India

Madan Lal VermaInstitute.for.Technology.and.Research.

Innovation.Deakin.UniversityVictoria,.Australia

J. WangDepartment.of.Biological.Systems.

EngineeringWashington.State.UniversityPullman,.Washington

Y. WangDepartment.of.Biosystem.

EngineeringAuburn.UniversityAuburn,.Alabama