Raghavendra P Hunasgi © Raghav

IT for Management

© Raghavendra Hunasgi

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What is Internet?

What occurs to your mind

when we say Internet?

(Personal, custom made and truly democratic)

Facts and figures about Internet

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The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer

networks that use the standard

Internet protocol suite (often called

TCP/IP, although not all

applications use TCP) to serve

billions of users worldwide.

It is a network of networks that

consists of millions of private,

public, academic, business, and

government networks, of local to

global scope, that are linked by a

broad array of electronic, wireless

and optical networking

technologies.

The Internet carries an extensive

range of information resources and

services, such as the inter-linked

hypertext documents of the World

Wide Web (WWW) and the

infrastructure to support email.

As a B-School Graduate and would-be managers of MNC

organizations specializing in IT you should know the following

facts about Internet in India

Now answer these questions:

Does these numbers look attractive to you?

Do you feel we have had great Internet

penetration in India?

Do you think we have reached the saturation or

threshold for internet use in India?

What's next in Internet space for India?

I was confused between Internet2 or Internet 2.0?

“Internet2: provides the U.S. research and education community with

a network that satisfies their bandwidth-intensive requirements. The

network itself is a dynamic, robust and cost-effective hybrid optical

and packet network. It furnishes a 100 Gbit/s network backbone to

more than 210 U.S. educational institutions, 70 corporations and 45

non-profit and government agencies”.

Internet 2.0 also known as Web 2.0 is a concept that takes the

network as a platform for information sharing, interoperability, user-

centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web.

A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each

other in a social media dialogue as creators (prosumers) of user-

generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites

where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content

that was created for them.

Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis,

video sharing sites, hosted services, web applications, mashups and

folksonomies.

Internet is

Changing

So are the internet Governing

bodies

Internet governance is the development and application by

Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective

Internet governance is the development and application by

Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective

roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures,

and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the

Internetroles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making

procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the

Internet

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and as it expanded to

include management of the global Domain Name System (DNS) root

servers, a small organization grew.

Allocation of IP addresses was delegated to four Regional Internet

Registries (RIRs):

• American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America

• Réseaux IP Européens - Network Coordination Centre (RIPE

NCC) for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia

• Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the

Pacific region

• Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry

(LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region

• In 2004 a new RIR, AfriNIC, was created to manage allocations for

Africa.

The position of the US Department of Commerce as the controller of

the Internet gradually attracted criticism from those who felt that

control should be more international.

A hands-off philosophy by the US Dept. of Commerce helped limit this

criticism, but this was undermined in 2005 when the Bush administration

intervened to help kill the .xxx top level domain proposal.

There were also suggestions that individual governments should have

more control, or that the International Telecommunication Union or the

United Nations should have a function in Internet governance.

One such proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between

India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move internet

governance into their sphere of dominance.

The Indian government itself has come under fire for its clumsy attempts

to block criticism on the web, like YouTube under the broad rubric of

religious sensitivities.

Worst governance in China.

A hands-off philosophy by the US Dept. of Commerce helped limit this

criticism, but this was undermined in 2005 when the Bush

administration intervened to help kill the .xxx top level domain

proposal.

There were also suggestions that individual governments should have

more control, or that the International Telecommunication Union or the

United Nations should have a function in Internet governance.

One such proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between

India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move internet

governance into their sphere of dominance.

The Indian government itself has come under fire for its clumsy

attempts to block criticism on the web, like YouTube under the broad

rubric of religious sensitivities.

Worst governance in China.

Decision Support System

Decision Making as a

Component of Problem Solving

• Decision-making phase: first part of

problem-solving process

– Intelligence stage: potential problems or

opportunities are identified and defined

– Design stage: alternative solutions to the

problem are developed

– Choice stage: requires selecting a course of

action

How Decision Making Relates

to Problem Solving

Decision Making as a

Component of Problem Solving

(continued) • Problem solving: a process that goes

beyond decision making to include the

implementation stage

• Implementation stage: a solution is put

into effect

• Monitoring stage: decision makers

evaluate the implementation

Programmed Versus

Nonprogrammed Decisions

• Programmed decisions

– Decision made using a rule, procedure, or

quantitative method

– Easy to computerize using traditional

information systems

Programmed Versus

Nonprogrammed Decisions

(continued)

• Nonprogrammed decisions

– Decision that deals with unusual or

exceptional situations

– Not easily quantifiable

An Overview of Management

Information Systems:

Perspective

• A management information system (MIS)

provides managers with information that

supports effective decision making and

provides feedback on daily operations

• The use of MISs spans all levels of

management

Sources of Managerial

Information

Inputs to a Management

Information System

• Internal data sources (TPSs and ERP

systems and related databases; data

warehouses and data marts; specific

functional areas throughout the firm)

• External data sources (Customers,

suppliers, competitors, and stockholders

whose data is not already captured by the

TPS; the Internet; extranets)

Outputs of a Management

Information System • Scheduled report: produced periodically, or on

a schedule

• Key-indicator report: summary of the previous

day’s critical activities

• Demand report: developed to give certain

information at someone’s request

• Exception report: automatically produced when

a situation is unusual or requires management

action

• Drill-down reports: provide increasingly

detailed data about a situation

Characteristics of a

Management Information

System • Fixed format, standard reports

• Hard-copy and soft-copy reports

• Uses internal data

• User-developed reports

• Users must request formal reports from IS

department

An Overview Of Decision

Support Systems

• A DSS is an organized collection of

people, procedures, software, databases,

and devices used to support problem-

specific decision making and problem

solving

• The focus of a DSS is on decision-making

effectiveness when faced with

unstructured or semistructured business

problems

Characteristics of Decision

Support Systems

• Handle large amounts of data from

different sources

• Provide report and presentation flexibility

• Offer both textual and graphical orientation

• Support drill-down analysis

Characteristics of Decision

Support Systems (continued)

• Perform complex, sophisticated analysis

and comparisons using advanced software

packages

• Support optimization, satisficing, and

heuristic approaches

– Simulation

– What-if analysis

– Goal-seeking analysis

Comparison of DSSs and MISs

Comparison of DSSs and MISs

(continued)

Components of a Decision

Support System • Model base: provides decision makers

access to a variety of models and assists

them in decision making

• Database

• External database access

• Access to the Internet and corporate

intranet, networks, and other computer

systems

• Dialogue manager: allows decision

makers to easily access and manipulate

the DSS and to use common business

terms and phrases

Conceptual Model of a DSS

Group Support Systems

• Group support system (GSS)

– Consists of most elements in a DSS, plus

software to provide effective support in group

decision making

– Also called group support system or

computerized collaborative work system

Configuration of a GSS

Characteristics of a GSS That

Enhance Decision Making

• Special design

• Ease of use

• Flexibility

• Decision-making support

Characteristics of a GSS That

Enhance Decision Making

(continued) • Anonymous input

• Reduction of negative group behavior

• Parallel communication

• Automated record keeping

GSS Alternatives

Executive Support Systems

• Executive support system (ESS):

specialized DSS that includes all

hardware, software, data, procedures, and

people used to assist senior-level

executives within the organization

Executive Support Systems in

Perspective

• Tailored to individual executives

• Easy to use

• Drill-down capabilities

• Support need for external data

Executive Support Systems in

Perspective (continued)

• Can help when uncertainty is high

• Future-oriented

• Linked to value-added processes

Capabilities of Executive

Support Systems

• Support for defining an overall vision

• Support for strategic planning

• Support for strategic organizing and

staffing

• Support for strategic control

• Support for crisis management

• The decision-making phase of the

problem-solving process includes three

stages: intelligence, design, and choice

• A management information system (MIS)

provides managers with information that

supports effective decision making and

provides feedback on daily operations

• A financial MIS provides financial

information to all financial managers within

an organization

• The manufacturing MIS subsystems and

outputs monitor and control the flow of

materials, products, and services through

the organization

• A marketing MIS supports managerial

activities in product development,

distribution, pricing decisions, and

promotional effectiveness

• A human resource MIS is concerned with

activities related to employees and

potential employees of an organization

• A DSS is an organized collection of

people, procedures, software, databases,

and devices used to support decision

making and problem solving

• A group support system (GSS) consists of

most elements in a DSS, plus software to

provide effective support in group decision

making

• An executive support system (ESS) is a

specialized DSS that includes all

hardware, software, data, procedures, and

people used to assist senior-level

executives within the organization

Artificial Intelligence

What Do You Consider

Intelligence?

Intelligence Is…

• Capacity to learn from experience

• Ability to adapt to different contexts

• The use of metacognition to enhance

learning

Emotional Intelligence

• Mayer & Salovey (1997)

“The capacity to reason about emotions, and

of emotions to enhance thinking. It includes

the abilities to accurately perceive emotions,

to access and generate emotions so as to

assist thought, to understand emotions and

emotional knowledge, and to reflectively

regulate emotions so as to promote emotional

and intellectual growth”

Social Intelligence

• Ability to get along with others

• Knowledge of social matters

• Insight into moods or underlying

personality traits of others

Artificial Intelligence

• The computational part of the ability to

achieve goals in the world

Nature, Nurture, or Both?

• Is intelligence genetic?

• Is intelligence acquired?

• Is intelligence a combination of both?

Information Processing &

Intelligence

• Inspection time

– How long a stimuli has to be viewed before

an accurate judgment can be made

– How quickly a person gives their answer is

irrelevant, participants are encouraged to

take their time

Working Memory & Intelligence

• Being able to store and manipulate

information in working memory is related

to level of intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

• The Turing test

– Used to refer to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think

– Can an observer who has a conversation with a computer and a human figure out which conversationalist is the computer?

– Computer passes Turing test if the person cannot

Computer Programs Better than

Humans

• Deep Blue and Chess

– 1,000,000,000,000 positions/sec

– 100 - 200 billion moves considered

– Able to evaluate moves

• Beat world champion in 1997 match

Psychotherapy AI

• ELIZA – Weizenbaum (1966) created this program to engage in a

dialogue imitative of the style favored in Rogerian psychotherapy

– The program can successfully emulate human conversation to a degree that humans often assumed they were communicating remotely over teletype with another human

– ELIZA's technique of responding to keyword-matching demonstrated the plausibility of natural language understanding by computers

• PARRY – Colby (1963) created a computer simulation of a paranoid

human

– Psychologists reliably judged PARRY's interactive output as being paranoid schizophrenic and were unable to distinguish transcripts of a session with PARRY from that of a session originating from a human patient

Expert Systems

• Telephone network maintenance

• Credit evaluation

• Tax planning

• Detection of insider securities trading

• Mineral exploration

• Irrigation and pest management

• Predicting failure of diesel engines

• Medical diagnosis

• Class selection for students

Limitations of Expert Systems

• Can handle only narrow domains

• Do not possess common

sense/intuition

• Have a limited ability to learn

Summary

• To date, no computer AI can match all

dimensions of human intelligence

• For algorithmic problems, computers can

perform faster, however humans still write

the programming

Questions? Write to me

pranesh.raghavendra@gmail.com

Photo: http://www.flickr.com/photos/oberazzi/318947873/ © Raghav

© Raghav

Thank You