Konstantinos Kontomaris - DuPont Fluoroproducts - FLUIDI REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP PER POMPE DI CALORE PER ALTE TEMPERATURE

Zero-ODP, Low GWP Non-Flammable

Working Fluids forHigh Temperature Heat Pumps

June 7th, 2013Kostas Kontomaris, Ph.D.

DuPont Fluorochemicals R&D

HFO-Based

Increasing Energy pricesClimate Protection

CSG

Latest Technology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

XV EUROPEAN CONFERENCE, MILANO 7th-8th JUNE 2013

“Big energy savings have been achieved by seemingly minor technological changes

such as moving from gas boilers for space heating to heat pumps.”

Financial Times, June 4th, 2013

Heat Uplifting: Mechanical Compression Heat Pumps

Evaporator

Condenser

Expansion Valve

Compressor Power

Low Temp HeatT<100-120 oC

Waste HeatGeothermal Heat

Solar Heat

High Temp HeatT: 80-160 oC

ReverseRankineCycle

May not be of adequate quality for direct heating or mechanical power generation

Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins

CFCs HCFCs HFCs HFOs

CFC-12 HFC-

134a DR-14

CFC-114 HFC-

245fa DR-12

CFC-11 HCFC-123

DR-2Less Chlorine No Chlorine Double Bond

Conventional Wisdom:Unsaturated fluorocarbons are not sufficiently stable to be used as refrigerants!

Paradigm Shift:Unsaturated fluorocarbon refrigerantsdecompose rapidly in the atmosphere but can remain stable in a system!

Developmental Refrigerant: DR-14

HFC-134a DR-14

Chemical Formula CH2FCF3 AzeotropeFlam Class

(ASHRAE Std 34)1 1(*)

ODP None NoneGWP100 1,430 ~375 Tcr [

oC] 101.1 111.6Pcr [MPa] 4.06 3.96

Tb [oC] -26.1 -20.5

Glide [oC] N/A Negligible

(*) Expected


(*) Expected

HFC-245fa DR-12

Flam Class (ASHRAE Std 34)

1 1(*)

ALT [yrs] 7.6 0.24 (~90 Days)

ODP none none

GWP1001,030 32

Tb [oC] 15.1 <10

Tcr [oC] 154 137.7

Pcr [MPa] 3.65 ~3.0

Very Low GWP AND Non-Flammable


(*) Expected

HFC-245fa DR-2

Flam Class (ASHRAE Std 34)

1 1(*)

ALT [yrs] 7.6 0.0658 (24 days)

ODP none None

GWP1001,030 9

Tb [oC] 15.1 33.4

Tcr [oC] 154 171.3

Pcr [MPa] 3.65 2.9

Very Low GWP AND Non-Flammable

DR-14, DR-12, DR-2 Components: Stable At Least Up to 250 oC

Even After 2 Wks @ 250 oC:Clear Fluid, Clean Coupons

Negligible formation of decomposition products

Sealed tubetesting

based on ASHRAE-ANSI

STD 97

IN SUMMARY(*):High Thermal Stability

Attractive Safety, Health and Environmental Properties

Range of Favorable Thermodynamics vs Incumbents:Higher Critical Temperatures, Lower Vapor Pressures

(*) Based on testing to date

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 1900.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Temperature, oC

Vapo

r Pre

ssur

e, M

Pa

Vapor PressureHFC-134a DR-14

DR-12

HFC-245fa

DR-2

HFC-134a DR-14 DR-12 HFC-245fa DR-2

Tcr, oC 101.1 111.6 137.7 154.0 171.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 1900.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Temperature, oC

Vapo

r Pre

ssur

e, M

Pa

HFC-134a DR-14

DR-12

HFC-245fa

DR-2

Maximum Condensing Temperature

HFC-134a DR-14 DR-12 HFC-245fa DR-2

T2.5, oC 77.5 87.8 125.4 133.5 162.8

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1804.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

6.50

7.00

Condenser Temperature, oC

COPh

Predicted Heating Performance: COPh

DTLIFT= 40 oC

HFC-134a

DR-14DR-12 HFC-

245faDR-2

DTsuperh, oC 11DTsubc, oC 5EFFcompr 0.8

ATTRACTIVE COPh UNDER ALL FEASIBLE CONDITIONS

DR-2: Highest COPh

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1800

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000


Volu

met

ric H

eatin

g Ca

paci

ty,

kJ/m

3

HFC-134aDR-14

DR-12

HFC-245fa

DR-2


Predicted Heating Performance: CAPh(*)

DTLIFT= 40 oC

DR-14: Highest CAPh Among Low GWP Fluids)

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1802.50

3.00

3.50


COPh

HFC-134a

DR-14

DR-12 HFC-245fa

DR-2



DTLIFT= 70 oC

COPh: Decreases with Increasing Lift But …

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1802.50

3.00

3.50


COPh

HFC-134a

DR-14

DR-12 HFC-245fa

DR-2



DTLIFT= 70 oC

COPh: Still Attractive Under Broad Conditions

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1800

5001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500


Volu

met

ric H

eatin

g Ca

paci

ty

kJ/m

3


HFC-134a

DR-14

DR-12

HFC-245fa

DR-2

Predicted Heating Performance: CAPh

DTLIFT= 70 oC

CAPh: Decreasing with Increasing Lift But …

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1800

5001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500


Volu

met

ric H

eatin

g Ca

paci

ty

kJ/m

3


HFC-134a

DR-14

DR-12

HFC-245fa

DR-2

Predicted Heating Performance: CAPh

DTLIFT= 70 oC

CAPh: Still Practical Under Broad Conditions…

Summary-Conclusions

HFOs: Rich class of zero-ODP, low GWP compounds each with its own characteristics; pipeline of candidates tailor-made for various applications emerging

Non-flammable, HFO-based, developmental fluids DR-14, DR-12, and DR-2 could enable high temperature heat pumps over wide ranges of condensing temperatures and volumetric heating capacities with attractive energy efficiencies

DR-2: Could enable condensing temperatures up to 160oC

Thank you!

Email:

[email protected]

Disclaimer: The information set forth herein is furnished free of charge and based on technical data that DuPont believes to be reliable. It is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their own risk. Since conditions of use are outside our control, we make no warranties, expressed or implied and assume no liability in connection with any use of

this information. Nothing herein is to be taken as a license to operate under, or a recommendation to infringe any patents or patent applications.

Claus-Peter KellerFluorochemicals Business Development EMEA

Du Pont de Nemours (Deutschland) GmbH

Tel: ++49 (0) 6102 / 18-2806Mobile: ++49 (0) 175 573 0043

e-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]