Lipids

LIPIDSLIPIDS

Muhammad Tanveer KhanMuhammad Tanveer Khan

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which include waxes, fats, occurring molecules which include waxes, fats, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids and others.diglycerides, phospholipids and others.

FIXED OILSFIXED OILS

Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

Non-irritantNon-irritant

OdorlessOdorless

TastelessTasteless

Non-volatileNon-volatile

Insoluble in water and soluble in organic solventsInsoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents

Produce greasy mark on paperProduce greasy mark on paper

Upon heating strongly, undergo decompositionUpon heating strongly, undergo decomposition

Upon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acidUpon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acid

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. TheseFixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. These

May be;May be;• MonoglyceridesMonoglycerides• DiglyceridesDiglycerides• TriglyceridesTriglycerides

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

On the basis of their ability to absorbOn the basis of their ability to absorb

oxygen from air;oxygen from air;• Drying oilDrying oil• Non-drying oilNon-drying oil• Semi-drying oilSemi-drying oil

a) Drying oila) Drying oilWhen exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form tough and hard film. These are usually used in tough and hard film. These are usually used in paints and varnishes.paints and varnishes.

For example;For example;Linseed oilLinseed oil

b) Non-Drying oilb) Non-Drying oil

These oils neither undergo oxidation nor form These oils neither undergo oxidation nor form tough and hard film.tough and hard film.

For example;For example;Olive oilOlive oil

c) Semi-Drying oilc) Semi-Drying oil

When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation and form tough and thin film. and form tough and thin film.

For example;For example;

Cottonseed oilCottonseed oil

METHODS OF OBTAINING METHODS OF OBTAINING FIXED OILSFIXED OILS

Direct expressionDirect expression

Solvent extractionSolvent extraction

Steam treatment + extractionSteam treatment + extraction

COTTONSEED OILCOTTONSEED OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Gossypium herbaceumGossypium herbaceum

Family:Family:MalvaceaeMalvaceae

Part used:Part used:Seeds Seeds

Constituents:Constituents:Glycerides of;Glycerides of;

Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Myristic acidMyristic acid

Uses:Uses:FoodFoodEmollientEmollientVehicle for injectionsVehicle for injectionsPreparation of hydrogenated vegetable Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oilsoilsSoap manufactureSoap manufacture

Toxicity:Toxicity:Occur due to intravenous administration ofOccur due to intravenous administration of

cottonseed oil emulsion. cottonseed oil emulsion.

Acute toxicityAcute toxicity includes following symptoms; includes following symptoms;

FeverFever

Pain in back or chestPain in back or chest

NauseaNausea

VomitingVomiting

HeadacheHeadache

TachycardiaTachycardia

DizzinessDizziness

chronic toxicitychronic toxicity includes following symptoms; includes following symptoms;

GIT bleedingGIT bleeding

Mild anemiaMild anemia

Defects in blood clottingDefects in blood clotting

Treatment of toxicity:Treatment of toxicity:IV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50gramsIV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50grams

Promethazine 50mgPromethazine 50mg

Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)

CASTER OILCASTER OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Ricinus communisRicinus communis

Family:Family:EuphorbeaceaeEuphorbeaceae

Part used:Part used:seedsseeds


Ricinoleic acidRicinoleic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid

Uses:Uses:PurgativePurgativeEmollientEmollientPreparation of zinc and castor oil Preparation of zinc and castor oil ointmentointmentSterilized castor oil as soothing agent in Sterilized castor oil as soothing agent in eyeeyeOily vehicle for eye dropsOily vehicle for eye drops

Toxicity:Toxicity:Excessive oral administration in larger dosesExcessive oral administration in larger dosesresults in toxicity. results in toxicity. Symptoms include;Symptoms include;

NauseaNauseaColicColicVomitingVomitingsevere purgationsevere purgationElectrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalance

LINSEED OILLINSEED OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimum

Family:Family:LinaceaeLinaceae

Part used:Part used:SeedsSeeds


Isolinoleic acidIsolinoleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Myristic acidMyristic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid

Uses:Uses:In veterinary medicine as PurgativeIn veterinary medicine as Purgative

OLIVE OILOLIVE OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Olea europaeaOlea europaea

Family:Family:OleaceaeOleaceae

Part used:Part used:Ripe fruitRipe fruit


Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid

Uses:Uses:LaxativeLaxativeNutrientNutrientEmollientEmollientDemulcentDemulcent

PEANUT OILPEANUT OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaea

Family:Family:LeguminosaeLeguminosae



Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Behenic acidBehenic acid Lignoceric acidLignoceric acid

Uses:Uses:Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters, Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters, soapsoapInk manufactureInk manufacturePreparation of hydrogenated vegetable oilPreparation of hydrogenated vegetable oil

CORN OILCORN OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Zea maysZea mays

Family:Family:GramineaeGramineae

Part used:Part used:EmbryoEmbryo


Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Myristic acidMyristic acid Lignoceric acidLignoceric acid

Uses:Uses:Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparationpreparationSolvent for injectionsSolvent for injectionsNutrientNutrient

SWEET ALMOND OILSWEET ALMOND OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Prunus amygdalusPrunus amygdalus

Family:Family:RosaceaeRosaceae



Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Myristic acidMyristic acid

Uses:Uses:NutrientNutrientDemulcentDemulcentEmollientEmollientPreparation of cold creams, hair lotions Preparation of cold creams, hair lotions and toilet articlesand toilet articles

COCONUT OILCOCONUT OIL

Botanical origin:Botanical origin:Cocos nuciferaCocos nucifera

Family:Family:PalmaePalmae

Part used:Part used:Dried solid part ofDried solid part ofendospermendosperm


Lauric acidLauric acid Myristic acidMyristic acid Capric acidCapric acid Caprylied acidCaprylied acid Caproic acidCaproic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Stearic acidStearic acid

Uses:Uses:NutrientNutrientConfectionariesConfectionariesCosmeticsCosmeticsOintment baseOintment base

MUSTARD OILMUSTARD OIL

Botanical Botanical origin:origin:

Brassica junceaBrassica juncea

Family:Family:Cruciferae Cruciferae



Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Erucic acidErucic acid

Uses:Uses:NutrientNutrientRubefacientRubefacientIn preparation of linimentsIn preparation of linimentsIn massagesIn massages

SESAME OILSESAME OIL


Sesamum indicumSesamum indicum

Family:Family:Pedaliaceae Pedaliaceae



Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid

And other components And other components include;include;

SesaminSesamin sesamolinsesamolin

Uses: Uses: Solvent for Solvent for intramuscular injectionintramuscular injectionNutritiveNutritiveDemulcentDemulcentEmollient Emollient LaxativeLaxativeOily vehicleOily vehicle

SAFFLOWER OILSAFFLOWER OIL


Carthamus tinctoriusCarthamus tinctorius

Family:Family:Compositae Compositae



Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Linolenic acidLinolenic acid

Uses:Uses:NutritiveNutritive

SUNFLOWER OILSUNFLOWER OIL


Helianthus annusHelianthus annus

Family:Family:Compositae Compositae



Palmitic acidPalmitic acid Stearic acidStearic acid Arachidic acidArachidic acid Oleic acidOleic acid Linoleic acidLinoleic acid Behenic acidBehenic acid

Uses:Uses:NutritiveNutritivePreparation of hydrogenated productsPreparation of hydrogenated productsPreparation of paints, varnishes and soapPreparation of paints, varnishes and soap

VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILSOILS

Volatile oilsVolatile oilsFixed oilsFixed oils

Volatilize at room Volatilize at room temperaturetemperature

Don't get volatiles at Don't get volatiles at room temperatureroom temperature

Obtained by distillationObtained by distillationObtained by extractionObtained by extraction

Leave no spot after Leave no spot after evaporationevaporation

After evaporation, do After evaporation, do leave spotleave spot

Cannot be saponifiedCannot be saponifiedCan be saponifiedCan be saponified

Mixtures of oleoptenes Mixtures of oleoptenes and stereoptenesand stereoptenes

Esters of fatty acid with Esters of fatty acid with glycerolglycerol

High refractive indexHigh refractive indexLow refractive indexLow refractive index

FATS VS FIXED OILSFATS VS FIXED OILS

FatsFatsFixed oilsFixed oils

Solid at room Solid at room temperaturetemperature

Liquid at room Liquid at room temperaturetemperature

Contain saturated Contain saturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl glycerides e.g. glyceryl stearatestearate

Contain unsaturated Contain unsaturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl glycerides e.g. glyceryl oleateoleate

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Lipids