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Mod 2
Driver Preparation Procedures
Vehicle & Operating Control Devices
Vehicle Balance
BGE Settings/Footprint
Reference Points/Lane Positions
Pre-DrivePre-Drive TasksTasks
Check around the outsideCheck around the outside of the vehicle for broken glass (windows, lights,etc.), body damage, condition of tires, fluid leaks, direction of front tires, or debris on the ground that could interfere with movement.
Check forCheck for small children or pets near vehicle.
Pre-DrivePre-Drive TasksTasks
• Sliding books or book bags on seats when slowing or stopping will distract the driver.
• Food or beverages also distract the driver from the driving task.
• Valuables visible in the car may attract a thief.
When parked at the When parked at the curbcurb• Approach vehicle from the front to monitor
oncoming traffic.• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.
When parked in When parked in parking lotparking lot• Approach vehicle from the rear to observe people
or objects near the car.• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.
Store personal items in trunk of vehicleStore personal items in trunk of vehicle
Seating in driver’s seat
• Driver should sit 10-12 inches from the wheel
• Hand position should be at 8 & 4 for hand to hand steering
• Two hands for good control
• Head restraint – middle of the back of the head
Rear-View Mirror
T – 4.21
Traditional and Contemporary (BGE) Mirror Setting
Rear-View Mirror SettingRear-View Mirror Setting
Rear Mirror View
Right Side Mirror View
Left Side Mirror View
BGE settings --15 degrees out (S.V.)
200 ft behind
Starting Tasks (1-12)
2 Adjust mirrors 1 Adjust seat
4 Chk parking brake 6 Key in ignition
7 Gear in “P” or “N” 3 Adjust seat belt
5 Foot on brake 9 Check alert lights
8 Turn key “ON” 10 Start engine
12 Chk warning lights 11 Set accessories
Securing TasksSecuring Tasks
Stop in a legal, safe parking spaceStop in a legal, safe parking space
Park an appropriate distance from a fire hydrant, intersection, RR crossing, loading zone, etc.
Keep foot on service brake.
Set Parking BrakeSet Parking BrakeRecommended in most new vehicle owner’s manuals to protect transaxle and constant velocity joints.
Place gear selector in (P)ark.Place gear selector in (P)ark.Or place in recommended gear (Reverse or First gear) for
manual shift transmission.
Turn off any vehicle accessoriesTurn off any vehicle accessoriesCheck that all systems are functioning and ready to use next
time.
Under the Hood ChecksUnder the Hood Checks
3
811
10
9
1
2
6
7 4
5
1. Engine Coolant Reservoir
2. Windshield Washer Fluid
Reservoir
3. Engine Oil Filler Cap
4. Transmission Fluid
Dipstick (Automatic
Transmission)
5. Engine Oil Dipstick
6. Brake Fluid Reservoir
7. Clutch Fluid Reservoir
(Manual Transmission)
8. Battery
9. Power Steering Fluid
Reservoir
10. Drive Belts
11. Air Filter Assembly
T – 2.4
Tires• Tire pressure
– Check recommendation in owner’s manual
• Tread wear, damage, or bars showing
• Cuffing (uneven wear on inside or outside tread areas)
• Bald spots• Cuts, stones, metal
fragments, or other damage
Vehicle Safety, Vehicle Safety, Communication Devices Communication Devices & Accessories& Accessories
• Headlights, tail lights, and turn signals
• Emergency lights and markers• Emergency kit• Windshield wiper blades,
operation, and washer fluid• HVAC• Safety warning lamps (brake,
ABS, air bag, safety belts)
Weekly Self-ChecksTopic 1 Lesson 2
Under the Hood ChecksUnder the Hood Checks
Self-CheckSelf-Check
Check every 1-2 MonthsCheck every 1-2 Months
• All interior and exterior lights• Engine oil level, brake fluid level, and
engine coolant level• Lap/shoulder belts and seat latches for
wear and smooth function
Check Twice Per YearCheck Twice Per Year
• Air pressure in spare tire• Power steering fluid level• Parking brake for proper operation• Hinges, latches, door weather strips, and
outside locks (check and lubricate)• Body and door drain holes (check and
clean)• Cooling system coolant strength• Battery connections (clean if necessary)• Transmission fluid level
Professional ServiceProfessional Service
Every 3,000 - 5,000 Miles
• Oil change/filter replacement• Tire rotation/balance
Every 15,000 Miles
• Automatic transmission fluid level• Brake pads/shoes/rotors/drums, brake lines,
hoses, and parking brake system• Engine cooling system• Steering linkage, suspension and, if
equipped, drive shaft and ball joints• Cabin air filter replacement, if equipped
Every 30,000 Miles
• Exhaust system and heat shield• Engine air filter and fuel filter replacement• Accessory drive belts• Automatic transmission/transaxle service, if
equipped
T – 2.4b
Alert/Warning Symbols and ControlsAlert/Warning Symbols and Controls
THEFT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
N.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
L.
K.
M.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T – 2.11
Air Bag On/Off Switch
Air Bag Functioning
Antilock Brake System Functioning
Theft-Deterrent System Activation
12 Volt Extension Outlet
Battery/Alternator Warning Light
Brake Warning Light
Safety Alert Symbol
Vent and Air Flow Control
Door Locks
Low Oil Pressure Warning Light
Temperature Indicator
Seat Belt Reminder
Fog Lamps
Drive Wheel Selector
Emergency Flashers
Fuse / Fuse Box
Fuel Indicator
Turn Signal Wipers Stalk
Alert/Warning Symbols and ControlsAlert/Warning Symbols and Controls
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
GG.
Y.
Z.
AA.
BB.
CC.
EE.
DD.
FF.
HH.
II.
JJ.
KK.
LL.
MM.
O/DOFF
ETSETSOFFOFF
T – 2.12
Horn
Hood Release
Headlights/High Beam Indicator
Lighter Indicator
Interior Light Adjustment
Fan Speed Indicator
Adjust Left/Right Side Mirror
Parking Lamp Indicator
Overdrive On/Off Indicator
Exterior Lights
Steering Wheel Height Adjustment
Cruise Control Device
Rear Defroster Indicator
Power Window Controls Left/Right Signal Indicator
Electronic Traction Control System
Trunk Release
Windshield Washer
Windshield Wipers
Front Windshield Defroster
Location and description for all instruments and features can be found in Vehicle’s Owner’s Manual
• Speedometer Speedometer (mph-km/h)(mph-km/h)
• OdometerOdometer
• Trip OdometerTrip Odometer
• Gear IndicatorGear Indicator
T – 2.14
Control, Information, Comfort, and Safety DevicesControl, Information, Comfort, and Safety Devices
Center Instrument ClusterCenter Instrument Cluster
How do you know the anti-lock brakes, air bags & traction control
are working properly?
• The lights come on & go off. The system has been checked & is working properly.
How do you know if lights are high beam or low beam?
• The blue indicator light will be illuminated when the high beams are on.
What’s the function?
• Alternator – electrical system
• Oil – engine lubricating system
• Temperature – engine operating system
• Brakes – braking system
Operating Vehicle Control Devices
Brake Pedal Used to stabilize, decrease,
and increase speed.The driver can:
- cover the brake;- trail brake;- control squeeze
brake;- threshold brake;- lock the brakes;- apply ABS;- jab (stab) brake; or- lift off the brake.
Accelerator Pedal Used to stabilize, increase,
and decrease speed.
The driver can:
– cover the accelerator;
– use progressive acceleration;
– use thrust acceleration; or
– lift off the accelerator.
T-2.19
Operating Vehicle Control DevicesOperating Vehicle Control Devices
T – 2.20
Gear Selector LeverGear Selector Lever
• Transmission Type and Location
• Overdrive and Drive gear use
Parking BrakeParking Brake• Owner’s Manual suggests
engaging parking brake before placing in Park.
Cruise / Speed Control –Cruise / Speed Control – Why and Why and HowHow• To maintain a constant speed.
• Never use in stop-and-go traffic or on slick surfaces.
Ignition Switch -Ignition Switch - Location and FunctionsLocation and Functions
Back to right?
• Turn the wheel to the…
• RIGHT
• Turn the wheel the way you want back up!
Gear shift selector
P
R
N
D
L1
L2
PARK – vehicle will not move
REVERSE – vehicle will move backwards
NEUTRAL - No pulling power but tires will roll
DRIVE – Forward in most situations
LOW 1 – More power for hills or uneven terrain
LOW 2 – Max power for steep hills or heavy loads
Vehicle Balance (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw)Vehicle Balance (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw)
– Roll: vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side
– Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts forward or backward
– Yaw: vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side
– Note: These weight transfers occur when the amount of
weight or force pulling on each tire changes
– Optimum balance is achieved at rest with no movement
– Suspension and tire pressure also affect vehicle balance
Vehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked Roadway Vehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked Roadway
– Can create dramatic changes to vehicle balance due to
suspension and weight shifts
Controlling Vehicle BalanceControlling Vehicle Balance
Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side (Roll)Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side (Roll)
• Steering Wheel Movements
• Brake Application and Steering Combinations
• Slope of pavement
Controlling Vehicle BalanceControlling Vehicle Balance
SeatingSeating
• Driver position/balance and safety belt/pedal use
T – 2.26
Vehicle Direction / Speed RequirementsVehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Vehicle ControlVehicle Control
• Releasing the accelerator
• Controlled braking (Squeeze on)
• Threshold braking
• Trail braking (Squeeze off)
T – 2.27
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)• Light accelerator pressure
• Releasing the brake
• Progressive accelerator pressure
• Thrust accelerator pressure
Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)
Vehicle ControlVehicle Control
Weight Shifts Change Vehicle Balanced
DROPS
Front
LIFTS
Rear
T – 2.28
Accelerating, braking, or steering shifts the vehicle’s weight from tire to tire and affects vehicle balance and control.
Vehicle Direction / Speed RequirementsVehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Vehicle ControlVehicle Control
• Sudden braking and steering
• Sudden or excessive acceleration and steering
• Sudden or excessive steering
• Road tilted to right
• Traction loss to right rear may cause yaw motion
T – 2.29
• Sudden braking and steering
• Sudden or excessive acceleration and steering
• Sudden or excessive steering
• Road tilted to left
• Traction loss to left rear may cause yaw motion
Changing Vehicle Load from Changing Vehicle Load from Right to Left (Roll)Right to Left (Roll)
Changing Vehicle Balance from Left to Right (Roll)Changing Vehicle Balance from Left to Right (Roll)
Balanced seating position
• Steering wheel – 10-12 in from driver chest
• Backrest of driver seat – 90 degrees
• Left foot – on the “dead pedal”
• Right foot – on the floor
• Hands – 8 & 4
Max lock to lock steering?
• 2 1/2 – 3 turns
• In most modern vehicles
• Due to power steering
Why use hand to hand steering?
• Better control
• Smaller weight transfers
• Hard to oversteer
• It’s how you will be tested!
Braking
• Cover the brake – foot over brake but no pressure on the brake
• Controlled brake – slow vehicle & maintain balance
• Threshold brake – just short of locking up
• Trail brake – used to maintain speed & balance. Often used at end of controlled or threshold braking.
CorneringCornering
InertiaInertiaActual PathActual Path
Intended PathIntended Path
Vehicle ControlVehicle Control
When cornering, tires tend to flex.
If the tires are underinflated, the contact with the rim may be lost. AIR LOSS WILL OCCUR.
RIM
Tires turning left
Excessive tire flexion increases tire heat and may result in a blowout.
Apex
Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Gathering Useful Visual InformationInformation
Focus Vision Area (Focal)
Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when:information that is used when:
TargetingTargetingEstablishing a Visual LeadEstablishing a Visual LeadReading Signs and Interpreting SignalsReading Signs and Interpreting Signals
Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision Areas
Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway
Viewing Path of Travel
Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area
T – 3.11
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Gathering Useful Visual Gathering Useful Visual InformationInformation
Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe)30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes:
Driver’s Useful Vision AreasDriver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual InformationGathering Useful Visual Information
T – 3.12
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area)• 175-180 degrees of useful information that detects:
•Motion Changes
•Color Changes
Traditional Mirror Views and Blind SpotsTraditional Mirror Views and Blind Spots
Notice the large blind zone areas and the Notice the large blind zone areas and the overlap between the side and rear mirrors overlap between the side and rear mirrors when using traditional mirror settings.when using traditional mirror settings.
Rear view mirror ( )
Left side view mirror
Right side view mirror
Left mirror blind zone
Right mirror blind zone
Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)
BGE LEFT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
BGE RIGHT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
REAR MIRROR VIEW
Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)
Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the
area you can already see in your rear view mirrorarea you can already see in your rear view mirror
•Peripheral Vision Area
Peripheral Vision Area
Determining Vehicle Operating SpaceDetermining Vehicle Operating Space
Markers represent edge of Markers represent edge of sightlinessightlines
Outline of pavement area around Outline of pavement area around the car the driver cannot see from the car the driver cannot see from the driver’s seatthe driver’s seat
Rectangles are the tire patches and Rectangles are the tire patches and asterisks represent the vehicle’s asterisks represent the vehicle’s
forward and rear turning axisforward and rear turning axis * *
Forward
Rear
Referencing Referencing Points:Points:Provide visual cues to establish vehicle position.Relate part of the vehicle to some part of the roadway.Allow the driver to determine proper placement within a lane.Allow for reduced-risk lane positions Side
view mirrors windows
Hood
**Parking, turning, lane position, stopping
Front LimitationFront Limitation
Where are your visual reference points to Where are your visual reference points to
determine determine FRONT LIMITATION FRONT LIMITATION ??
Front Limitation Reference PointsFront Limitation Reference Points
• To stop 3-6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop To stop 3-6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop when when your line of sightyour line of sight runs under the side view mirrorruns under the side view mirror reference point to the line in front of your vehicle.reference point to the line in front of your vehicle.
• Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your reference point and do not lean forward or sidewaysreference point and do not lean forward or sideways..
Reference Point
Line of sight
Reference point
Rear LimitationRear Limitation
• BACKING BACKING
• PARKINGPARKING
You need to know where the rear of your You need to know where the rear of your vehicle is when you arevehicle is when you are::
Rear LimitationRear Limitation
To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a line or curb,line or curb, you need to stop when the line or curb you need to stop when the line or curb appears near the appears near the middle of the rear right windowmiddle of the rear right window when looking over the right shoulder.when looking over the right shoulder.
Reference point
Reference point
Right Side LimitationRight Side Limitation
The The right side limitationright side limitation reference pointreference point to to position your vehicle 3-6 inches from the curb position your vehicle 3-6 inches from the curb or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood.or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood.
3-6 inches
Line of Sight Reference point
The reference point for 3 feet from the curb or line is the right 1/4 section of the hood.
3 feet
Reference point
Line of Sight
Left Side LimitationLeft Side Limitation
Your Your left side limitationleft side limitation reference pointreference point is about is about one foot from the left front corner of your car (it one foot from the left front corner of your car (it may be the seam between your left fender and the may be the seam between your left fender and the hood of your vehicle) to the curb.hood of your vehicle) to the curb.
3-6 INCHES
Reference Point
Line of Sight
Reference Point
Lane Position # 1Lane Position # 1
• VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANEVEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE
• CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES ON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDESON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
3 FEET
3 FEET
Lane Lane Position Position
ONEONE( LP ( LP 1 1 ))
Lane Position # 1Lane Position # 1
Lane Lane Position Position
ONEONE
(LP(LP 1 1))
3 FEET
3 FEET
• Your left side Your left side reference pointreference point runs through the driver’s runs through the driver’s
side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle. side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle.
• Your right side Your right side reference pointreference point runs through the center of runs through the center of
passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the
right side of the vehicle.right side of the vehicle.
Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often.
Lane Position # 2Lane Position # 2
• VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFTLINE TO THE LEFT
3-6 INCHES
Lane Lane Position Position
TWOTWO( LP ( LP 2 2 ))
Lane Position # 2Lane Position # 2
Your Your lane position #2lane position #2 reference pointreference point is about 1 is about 1 foot from left side (it may be the crease between foot from left side (it may be the crease between the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb.the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb.
Lane Lane Position Position
TWOTWO
(LP(LP 2 2))
3-6 INCHES
6 FEET
Lane Position # 3Lane Position # 3
CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO
THE RIGHTTHE RIGHT
3-6 INCHES
Lane Lane Position Position THREETHREE( LP ( LP 3 3 ))
Lane Position # 3Lane Position # 3
Your Your lanelane position #3 reference pointposition #3 reference point is through the center of your hood to is through the center of your hood to the right edge of the roadway.the right edge of the roadway.
T – 2.53
Lane Lane Position Position THREETHREE
(LP(LP 3 3))
3-6 INCHES
6 FEETReference point
Line of Sight
Possible Lane PositionsPossible Lane Positions
The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane position adjustments to minimize risk and create more position adjustments to minimize risk and create more space between their car and problem situations.space between their car and problem situations.
Lane Positions – Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 51, 2, 3, 4, and 5
LP 3
LP 2
LP 5
LP 1
OBSTACLEOBSTACLE
LP 4