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Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
ORGANIZADO POR: CON LA COLABORACIÓN DE:
Comparing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Performance of Residual Waste Treatment Solutions
Nick CawthorneGolder Associates (UK) Ltd
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Background
• EU Landfill Directive (Article 5 Landfill Diversion Targets)• Objective to reduce environmental impact of landfill (particularly
global warming) and increase recycling and recovery;• Mechanisms: landfill bans, separate collection, recycling targets
and landfill tax;• These mechanisms encourage residual waste diversion but don't
optimise alternative solution;• Alternative waste solution will have very different impacts
associated with waste treatment and very different benefits associated with energy and materials recovery;
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considers overall environmental performance of waste solution options.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Objective of this LCA Study
Compare Life Cycle environmental performance of different residual waste treatment solutions.
In consideration of:
• Treatment and Transport impacts;• Residues disposal;• Materials recovery benefit;• Energy recovery benefit.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Life Cycle Assessment Model
• Waste Resource Assessment Tool for the Environment (WRATE) is the LCA tool used in UK for waste management applications;
• Background database contains standard LCI data from ecoinvent centre Switzerland and detailed process data for many waste treatment options;
• Results available for different impact assessments including global warming potential and resource depletion;
• Developed by Golder Associates and ERM for Environment Agency in UK.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
WRATE Modelling• Seven scenarios for the management of residual waste.
• Assumptions and Limitations– Waste composition data - Typical UK Residual Waste;– 250,000 tonnes waste;– Vehicles are ‘waste collection vehicles’ or ‘Intermodal Road
Transport’ travelling 25 km, road type split is 80% urban/20% rural;
– The electricity mix selected is year 2011, UK;– All landfills - HDPE composite liner and HDPE cap;– Waste treatment uses existing processes in WRATE for each
treatment type.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Scenarios Modelled• Scenario 1 - Waste to Energy (Power);• Scenario 2 - Mechanical Biological Treatment (RDF); • Scenario 3 - Materials Recycling Facility, MRF
(Recycling and RDF);• Scenario 4 - Mechanical Biological Treatment
(Stabilisation);• Scenario 5 - Mechanical Biological Treatment
(Recycling and Anerobic Digestion);• Scenario 6 - Waste to Energy
(Combined Heat and Power, CHP); and• Scenario 7 - Landfill.
Note: Scenarios 2, 3 RDF to cement kiln;Scenarios 2, 3, 5 waste residues to off site WtE;Scenario 5 AD Digestate landfilled as stabilite.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Materials Recycling Facility (MRF)
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Mechanical Biological Treatment Plant
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Waste to Energy plant (WtE)
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
Cement kiln
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Scenario 1: Waste to Energy (Power)Waste to Resources ConferenceWaste to Energy (power)
Residual Waste Commercialvehicles
IncineratorsPower
Ferrous Ferrous
OTHEROTHER
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Scenario 5 - MBT (Anerobic Digestion)Waste to Resources ConferenceMBT (AD)
Residual Waste To MBT
IncineratorsPower
Ferrous
OTHEROTHER
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Material Recovery RatesScenario Number
and Treatment Solution
Paper & Card
(tonnes)
Plastic Film
(tonnes)
Dense Plastic
(tonnes)
Glass (tonnes)
Ferrous (tonnes)
Non Ferrous (tonnes)
RDF (tonnes)
IBA (tonnes)
1 WtE (Power) 7,566 1,150 54,956
2 MBT (RDF) 6,734 1,769 110,277 28,552
3MRF
(Recycling, RDF)
5,497 11,269 8,384 2,243 17,964 39,303
4MBT
(Stabilisation)3,723 7,258 1,986 18,988
5 MBT (AD) 41,324 1,984 2,977 5,580 8,339 2,070 4,925
6 WtE (CHP) 7,566 1,150 54,956
7 Landfill
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Results – Global Warming Potential: Multiple Impact AssessmentsCollection
Transportation LandfillRecycling
Intermediate Facilities Treatment and Recovery
Euro
pean
Per
son
Equi
vale
nt
Scenario: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Results – Global Warming Potential (Combined)
Scenario: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kg
CO
2 E
q.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Best Performing Solutions - Global Warming Potential
1. Scenario 3 – Materials Recycling Facility, MRF (Recycling and RDF);2. Scenario 6 – Waste to Energy (Combined Heat and Power, CHP)3. Scenario 1 – Waste to Energy (Power)4. Scenario 2 – Mechanical Biological Treatment (RDF)5. Scenario 5 – Mechanical Biological Treatment (Anerobic Digestion)6. Scenario 4 – Mechanical Biological Treatment (Stabilisation)7. Scenario 7 – Landfill.
Note: Results very different if MBT/MRF residues to landfill not WtE
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Explanation of Results
Scenario 3 – Materials Recycling Facility, MRF (Recycling and RDF)• Recycling of dense plastic, ferrous metal and glass;• Non recycled waste to energy recovery, RDF to cement kiln and
residues WtE;• No waste to landfill.
More carbon benefit is achieved by recycling a given amount of plastic or paper than can be achieved by combusting for energy recovery in a WtE plant or in a cement kiln as RDF.
Scenario 6 WtE (CHP), Scenario 1 – WtE (Power) and Scenario 2 – MBT (RDF)
• Less Recycling (metal recycling only);• Non recycled waste to energy recovery, RDF and WtE;• No waste to landfill.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Scenario 5 – MBT (AD) and Scenario 4 – MBT (Stabilisation)
• Recycling plastic, paper/card, metals and glass;• Low energy recovery (AD only) net of energy
consumption for treatment;• Significant landfill disposal.
Scenario 7 (landfill)• All waste landfilled;• No material or energy recovery, other than via landfill
gas utilisation.
Explanation of Results
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Observations• Best performing solutions include a high degree of
recycling and energy recovery of all other waste; • Plastic, paper/card and glass can only be recycled before
combustion;• Recovery rates of metals, particularly non ferrous metal, is
likely to be higher prior to combustion than recovery from bottom ash;
• Carbon benefit is particularly sensitive to non ferrous metal recovery;
• Any solution which includes significant landfilling of stabilised waste will perform less well;
• Any solution which includes landfilling of residue fractions will perform less well.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Conclusions• The carbon (global warming potential) performance of
residual waste treatment solutions is enhanced where the maximum amount of materials are recycled followed by combustion of all residues for energy recovery (RDF or WtE);
• More carbon is recovered by material recycling than by energy recovery of the same waste;
• Comment: Financial incentives typically focused more on energy recovery than material recycling;
• Landfilling of stabilised waste or residues greatly reduces the performance of the solution.
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
• MBT/MRF and WtE typically seen as two fundamentally separate approaches;
• Optimisation of MBT/MRF requires WtE of residues (possibly at separate facility);
• Optimisation of WtE requires recycling of materials in advance (MRF before WtE);
• Optimisation converges the two approaches towards a single solution;
• Maximum material recycling followed by Energy recovery and zero landfill;
• Energy recovery by RDF or WtE.
Conclusions
Los retos en la gestión de residuos urbanos en una economía globalizadaEls reptes en la gestió de residus urbans en una economia globalitzada
Challenges in waste management in a globalized economy
Muchas Gracias
Nick [email protected]